Stages of urbanization dr Jeney Lszl Senior lecturer

Stages of urbanization dr. Jeney László Senior lecturer jeney@elte. hu Economic Foundations of Local Development Module 1/b: Urban and Rural development by sectors Autumn term 2015/2016. CUB Department of Economic Geography and Futures Studies

Late antique town 2

Spread of urban culture in Europe n n n 1600 B. C. : urban development also in Europe (via Asia, Egypt) 1000 B. C: global centre shifted to Europe (Athens, Rome) Frontier of European urban culture spread to Northwest (towards the cooler climatic zone) 3

Roman Empire Period Rome Other towns Kingdom Young town 8 th– 6 th City wall, fortress on the Capitolium, cent. B. C bridge on Tiber (Tiberis) Port-town: Ostia Republic 509– 31 B. C. 200 thousand citizens Towns on Italian roads too: Capua, Pompeii, Brindisium Empire 31 B. C. – A. D. 476 Augustus: 1. 1 mn (1. 5– 2 mn? ) Architecture: Forum of Caesar, Palace of Augustus, Circus Maximus, Colosseum. Modern symptoms: crowded buildings, 3– 5 -storied tenement houses, rack rent. Building laws by Augustus: 21 m max height. Antecedents of exurbanization Foundations of European cities: London, Paris, Vienna, Cologne, Regensburg, Budapest 4

Constantinople (Byzantine Empire) n 350– 800, Constantinople: largest town of the world – Link between the antique and the feudal urban development – 330, Emperor Constantine the Great (Constantinus): Constantinople – seat of the Roman Empire – Flourishing: under the age of Emperor Justinian (527– 565) on the basis of global trading role (on the meeting of Europe and Asia) – Symbol: Hagia Sophia (built: 532– 537) n Early Middle Ages: largest town of Europe 5

The feudal town 6

Characteristics of the European medieval feudal towns n n 8 th– 9 th cent. : initial feudal towns On the basis of 3 types of roles 1. Role of defence: 9 th– 12 th cent. : Pflaz/Palatinate – imperial watch -posts 2. Role of church: residences of bishops – religious seats with castles (Bordeaux, Strasbourg, Passau, Basel, Lyon, Cologne) 3. Role of trade: Wick – strengthened trading settlements (Ipswich, Norwich) – Where all roles are present faster urban development (Munster, Trier, Bruges) n Feudal towns: only in West Europe – Iberian Peninsula: Moor rule Seville (not feudal) – Southeast Europe: Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire Constantinople (between antique and feudal) 7 – East Central & East Europe: feudalism just after Migration Period

Evolution of modern towns 8

1. Agglomerating process n n = clustering, knitting Also referred falsely to as urbanization, urban explosion – Urbanization, but: whole process is referred to as urbanization agglomeration is the 1 st stage of the urbanization – Urban explosion, but: instead of diverging (centrifugal) powers converging (centripetal) powers n Absolute concentration – Population of whole agglomeration: increases dynamically – Initially just the city increases, later city and also the suburban zone increase n City and its suburban zone coalesce / accrete – It is often followed by the enlargement of the city boundaries 9 n Its concurrent: generated by the Industrial Revolution

The spread of the Industrial Revolution in Europe n Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution, agglomerating process: NW SE – Reverse way to the spread of the antique urbanization (SE NW) – 18 th cent. : England – Mid 19 th cent. : West Europe – Turn of the 19 th cent. : N-Eu, ECentral-Eu, Northern part of S-Eu 10 – First half of the 20 th cent. : S-Eu – Mid 20 th cent. : E-Eu, Balkans

Effects of Industrial Revolution n n 1. Industrialization (→shifts in employment) Fordism: appearance of bigger producing units (→spatial concentration of population) Rural urban migration (→rapid urbanization) Factors: Overall demographic boom – – 2. 3. 4. England 1750: 6 mn; 1850: 18 mn France 1800: 27 mn; 1900: 39 mn Germany 1800: 23 mn; 1900: 56 mn Developing (3 rd) World: nowadays ‚Push’ factor: rural labour surplus ‚Pull’ factor: urban labour demand Changing technical background of urban planning (→metropolitan 11 infrastructure)

Leading role of Europe in the appearance of the modern cities 1840 1929 n Europe becomes leader – Towns over 100 th citizens n n n Contemporary built-up areas of n Greater-London 1800: Eu 21/ World 65 1900: Eu 148/ World 301 Primacy of Great Britain – First country where the proportion of the urban population: >50% London – 18 th cent. : first modern city (over 500 th citizens) in Europe – 19 th cent. : over 2 mn citizens – 1850– 1920: largest city of the world – 1 st megapolis (over 8 mn 12 citizens) of the World

number Number of Europeans in the rank of the 25 largest towns of the World 13 year

Advantages of agglomerating n From residential point of view: better quality of life (partly) – – – n Rich supply of workplaces Higher incomes Existence of educational and cultural institutions Rich and better quality of housing Wide range of services (retail trade etc. ) From economic point of view: higher productivity (positive externalities) P. Krugman: new economic geography – – – Rich „quality” supply of labour-force Availability for cooperation Innovation advantages (research etc. ) Cheaper and better infrastructure (e. g. transport) Closeness of markets 14

Europe, the craddle of the modern city n Antecedent: antique Rome n Earlier: ancient Rome n Modern cities: after the Industrial Revolution n Modern city: after industrial revolution – Spreaded from West Europe: London, Paris – Spread from West-Europe: London, Paris before 1850 between 1850– 1900 after 1950 15 Source of data: censuses

Evolution of the Budapest Agglomeration n n 1873: foundation of Budapest = Pest + Buda + Óbuda Early 20 th cent. : massive suburban development – 1900– 1907: build-up of tramlines to the suburban zone – 1908: coming up the thought of creature of Greater Budapest – 1937: legal sphere of action of the Council of Public Works spread also to the 22 suburban settlements 1 st January, 1950: foundation of Greater Budapest Agglomeration – 1970 s: 44 settlements – 1997: 78 settlements – Pest county (not the same) 16

„Shadows” of agglomeration process n Inorganic, rapid, spontaneous urban development unwished negative byeffects – Slums – Overcrowding (back-to-back dwelling houses) – Lack of green areas – Pollution of environment (smog) – Lack of public utilities (sanitation) – Cholera epidemic – in 1832 London: 5000; Glasgow: 2800 victims – Crime – Early 19 th cent. , in slumming of Liverpool: life expectancy at birth: 16 years 17

Reactions of urban planning on the crowding n n New urban planning and architectural acts, laws Reaction of the urban architecture of the modern era – – – n 1933 Athens Charter – style of modern architecture Le Corbusier (1887– 1965) Spread upwards instead of dense horizontal built-up zones + more green area Foundation of new towns – West Europe (Great Britain, France, Finland, Sweden): „planned” suburbanization for the exoneration of the cities n n Cities: London (Hatfield, Milton Keynes), Paris (Cergy-Pontoise) ( New Lanark (Robert Owen), garden city campaign (Ebenezer Howard) – Socialist countries: socialist towns for the goal of industrialization 18

Suburbanization planned by urban planning: the garden city campaign n Garden city model of Ebenezer Howard (1848– 1928) – 1885. : Garden Cities and Town Planning Association – 1898. : „Garden Cities of 19 Tomorrow”

Main street of Welvyn, 32 km from London n Realized garden cities north from London: – Letchworth (1903) – Welwyn (1920) 20

Latter stages of the modern urban development: sub-, dez-, re- and postsuburbanization 21

2. Suburbanization / exurbanization n Anglo-Saxon: exurbanization Relative deconcentration n Outmigration of city dwellers n Its phases: n – Population number of total agglomeration increases – Population number of city decreases, that of suburban zone increases economic, social and urban structure on agglomeration transforms – Spontaneous – Directly towards the suburban zone – Early phase: outmigrants keep their urban workplace commuting – Late phase: number of workplaces (industrial and tertiary) decrease in the central city, increase in the suburban zone (dezurbanization? false statement) 22

Suburbanization / exurbanization n Suburbanization of population n Initial: public transport (local railways) radial diffusion n Developed countries: from 1920 s to 1970 s n Result: population increase in cities slows down, than decrease – Insufficient housing supply and environment in central city – Development of transportation infrastructure spatial separation of residential and working zones – Later: cars, public roads: diffusion among radiuses as well – Today: motorways radial diffusion again – Characteristics of East Central Europe: official restriction of moving only from 1970 s – But workplaces remain here n Suburban zone: mainly residential functions, sparselier 23 built-up, green areas

Later: moving out of industry and services too n Ways of industrial suburbanization n Suburbanization of services 1. moving out 2. greenfield investments – Its characteristics: high-tech industries (just in time) + suppliers – – Consumer-oriented branches with high interest for space Logistics Recreational activities (Disneyland) Office functions 24

Population change in Ruhr area 3. Dezurbanization / counterurbanization n Anglo-Saxon: counterurbanization – Brian Berry (1976) n Absolute deconcentration n 1970 s, developed countries: change of global economic paradigm – (Somebody understands falsely the industrial and tertial suburbanization under the dezurbanization) – Number of population workplaces of total agglomeration decreases (from the early 1970 s) – Modern urban and industrial regions became unattractive for both the residents and the companies n Initially USA, later West Europe: outmigration to more and more distance – Not only to the suburban zones, but also to the further countryside – Rapidly increasing population of some rural areas 25

Population change in Ruhr area 4. Reurbanization n Relative concentration n Appearance of special ‚Urban Development Corporations’ (UK) for the urban renewal Spread of the enterprise form of public private partnership (PPP) n – Population number of total agglomeration decreases – Population number of city (especially the centre) increases again – – n Clearing of the area Configuration of the public utilities Configuration of the transportation network Selling the building plots, seeking for investors Early 1980 s, Europe: 1 st big urban rehabilitation projects – Emblematic city: London (Dock Quarter: Canary Wharf) – Later: Birmingham, Berlin, Hamburg, Amsterdam (Waterfront 26 Program), New York (Harlem), Budapest (Middle Ferencváros – Corvin Quarter)

Population change of the urban agglomeration Agglomerating Suburbanization Dezurbanization Reurbanization process Exurbanization Counterurb. Urban agglomeration Suburban zone City Concentration Deconcentration Concentration 27

Stages of urban development according to the change of population Stages of urban development Change of population City Suburban zone Urban agglomeration 1. Agglomerating process Increase Decrease increase Decrease 2. Suburbanization / Exurbanization Increase decrease Increase Decrease 3. Dezurbanization / Counterurbanization Decrease Increase decrease Increase 4. Reurbanization Decrease increase Decrease 28 Decrease

Brief summary of the stages of urban development n It affects smaller crowds in time n Leading, dominant continent n Dynamics of the process: n n – Agglomerating: more millions, reurbanization: a few thousands, post-suburbanization: no significant movement – Stages of moving inwards (agglomerating, reurbanization): initially in Europe – Stages of moving outwards (sub-, and dezurbanization): initially in North America – – – Initially agglomerating Followed by suburbanization Later could be followed by dez-, re and post-suburbanization More stages could coexistence parallel in cities Cities could be classify upon the dominant stage – (Whole countries are classified falsely) 29

Space-specific elements in the demographic process of the European cities

Annaul average population change of cities from 1950 s n n % n 1950 s: faster growth 1970 s, 1980 s, 1990 s: decreasing population After the turn of the Millennium: population increase again cities actually over half million residents 59 cities 31 Source: calculations based on the data of censuses and World Gazetteer (2007)

1950– 1960 significant increase (0. 5%<) moderate increase (0– 0. 5%) moderate decrease (– 0. 5– 0%) significant decrease (>– 0. 5%) n n Increase: almost everywhere Decrease: on the British Isles Source: calculations based on the data of censuses 32 and World Gazetteer (2007)

1960– 1970 significant increase (0. 5%<) moderate increase (0– 0. 5%) moderate decrease (– 0. 5– 0%) significant decrease (>– 0. 5%) n Decrease spreads to West Central Europe (the Netherlands, Germany, Austria) too Source: calculations based on the data of censuses 33 and World Gazetteer (2007)

1970– 1980 significant increase (0. 5%<) moderate increase (0– 0. 5%) moderate decrease (– 0. 5– 0%) significant decrease (>– 0. 5%) n n Decrease spreads further to Belgium, France, North Italy, North Europe Increase only on the lagging peripheries (Ireland, Mediterranean, socialist countries) Source: calculations based on the data of censuses 34 and World Gazetteer (2007)

1980– 1990 significant increase (0. 5%<) moderate increase (0– 0. 5%) moderate decrease (– 0. 5– 0%) significant decrease (>– 0. 5%) Line of Iron Curtain appears in city growth n Decrease: developed Europe (exp. North Europe: inner North– South migration n Increase: socialist Europe (exp. Budapest): more restricted mobility, lack of motorization and highways Source: calculations based on the data of censuses 35 and World Gazetteer (2007) n

1990– 2000 significant increase (0. 5%<) moderate increase (0– 0. 5%) moderate decrease (– 0. 5– 0%) significant decrease (>– 0. 5%) Pattern radically turned n Decrease: East Central Europe (besides suburbanization international migration too (e. g. Riga, Vilnius) n Increase again: somewhere in developed Europe (mainly London): reurbanization + guest workers Source: calculations based on the data of censuses 36 and World Gazetteer (2007) n

2000– 2007 significant increase (0. 5%<) moderate increase (0– 0. 5%) moderate decrease (– 0. 5– 0%) significant decrease (>– 0. 5%) n n Dominantly increase: developed Europe Dominantly decrease: East Central Europe Source: calculations based on the data of censuses 37 and World Gazetteer (2007)

Clusters of cities according to its population dinamics between 1950 – 2007 cluster number Cities 1 17 Amsterdam, Vienna, Berlin, Birmingham, Brussels, Dresden, Glasgow, Hague, Leeds, Leipzig, Lisbon, Liverpool, London, Lyon, Manchester, Rotterdam, Sheffield 2 13 Bremen, Dortmund, Duisburg, Düsseldorf, Essen, Frankfurt, Gothenburg, Hamburg, Hannover, Helsinki, Paris, Stockholm, Stuttgart 3 2 Dublin, Valencia 4 3 Sofia, Vilnius, Zaragoza 5 13 Budapest, Bucharest, Cologne, Cracow, Lodz, Malaga, Palermo, Poznan, Prague, Riga, Seville, Warsaw, Wroclaw 6 11 Athens, Barcelona, Genova, Copenhagen, Madrid, Marseille, Milano, Munich, Napoli, Rome, Torino 38 Source: calculations based on the data of censuses and World Gazetteer (2007)

Annual average population change of the clusters % 1950 s 1960 s 1970 s 1980 s 1990 s 2000 s 1 West Europe 2 West Central 3 South Europe 4 East Central Europe 6 Sofia, Vilnius, Zaragoza 39 clusters Source: calculations based on the data of censuses and World Gazetteer (2007)

Geographic location of the clusters stateborder EU-border cluster 1 cluster 2 cluster 3 cluster 4 cluster 5 cluster 6 40 Source: calculation based on the data of censuses and World Gazetteer (2007)