Stages of Revolution 1 Incubation Phase Old Order

Stages of Revolution 1. Incubation Phase (Old Order) • Intellectual criticism, faith in the system is lost, economic crisis, a new class is on the rise 2. Moderate Phase • 2012 Some acts of violence, revolution seems to be over, pressure from extremists, government is unable to operate effectively 3. Radical Phase • Mass violence, secret police, foreign threats, extreme nationalism, class struggle, forced ideological conformity Mohamed Morsi 4. Recovery Phase • Government reverts to prerevolutionary form, often rule by a tyrant, uneven return to peace 2011 2013

Seeds of Revolution Causes of Revolution “Incubation” • Inspiration �American Revolution �Enlightenment �English Constitutionalism Louis XVI • Old Regime �Social/Political Inequality � 1 st, 2 nd, 3 rd Estate • Economic Problems �Taxes, cost of living, crops, unemployment (urbanization, industrialization) • Weak Leadership �Louis XVI �Marie Antoinette

BREAD AND THE WAGE EARNERS BUDGET* Expenditure on Bread as Effective percentage of income with Occupation Daily Wage inbread priced at: gs (Aug 14 s (Feb-July Sous** 1788) 1789) Laborer in Reveillon 15 60 97 wallpaper works Builders 18 50 80 Laborer Journeyman 24 37 60 mason Journeyman, locksmith, 30 30 48 carpenter, etc. Sculptor, 60 15 24 goldsmith *The price of the 4 pound loaf consumed daily by workingman and his family as the main element in their diet **Effective wage represents the daily wage adjusted for 121 days of nonwork per calendar year for religious observation, etc.

Undercurrents of Revolution Before the revolution documents: 1. What differences do you see between the accounts of Marie Antoinette and Arthur Young? 2. What might explain the differences?

1. 2. 3. What are the images of? For whom were the images created? What is the artist trying to convey?

French Revolution Estates General (May 5, 1789) National Assembly • Oath of the Tennis Court (June 17, 1789) • Constitution of 1789 • Declaration of the Rights of Man �“Men are born and remain free and equal in rights…liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression” �guaranteed equal justice, freedom of religion and speech • Political/Social Reform • Church Reforms Jacques-Louis David, The Tennis Court Oath (1791)

Estates General

French Revolution “Decrees that all members of this assembly immediately take a solemn oath never to separate, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the realm is established and fixed upon solid foundations; and that said oath having been sworn, all members and each one individually confirm this unwavering resolution with his signature. ” --Oath of the Tennis Court

French Revolution Every Gangsta’ Needs A Lamborghini And No Chicks Drive Cool Nuff Estates General National Assembly Legislative Assembly National Convention Directory Consulate Napoleon By Tati, Derion, and Darrien

French Revolution • Storming the Bastille —July 14, 1789 • Great Fear • House Arrest (October 5, 1789) • Escape (June 1791)

French Revolution Legislative Assembly • Constitution of 1791 (September 1791) • Radicals, Moderates, Conservatives • Émigrés • Sans-Culottes Unrest and Instability • September Massacres • Foreign Intervention �Prussia, Austria �Declaration of war (April 1792) �La Marseillaise

Reign of Terror Document D “We must suspend free speech and liberty so we can win the war. Otherwise, there will be nothing left to defend. ”— Jacobin quote Document E “We must preserve the ideals of free speech and liberty at all costs. Otherwise, the French Revolution is not worth fighting for. ”—Girondin critic of the Reign of Terror Document F English political cartoon depicting the Reign of Terror

1. 2. 3. What is the image of? For whom was the image created? What is the artist trying to convey?

French Revolution Wrap-up 1. In your opinion, which groups of French society benefited from the revolution? Which groups were forced to relinquish power? Which sections of society would have been disappointed with the outcome of the revolution? Use the passages on page 662 to answer questions 2 -4. 2. In your own words, summarize the attitude toward the French Revolution expressed in each of these excerpts. 3. Why might Edmund Burke be so against the French Revolution? 4. In Source C, what is the distinction Thomas Paine is making between nations and courts? 5. There is a saying: “Revolutions devour their own children. ” What evidence from this chapter supports that statement? Can you think of any modern examples? ? ?

French Revolution Every Gangsta’ Needs A Lamborghini And No Chicks Drive Cool Nuff Estates General National Assembly Legislative Assembly National Convention Directory Consulate Napoleon By Tati, Derion, and Darrien

Maximillien Robespierre French Revolution National Convention • Constitution of 1792 �Jacobins vs. Girondins �Jean Paul Marat �Maximillien Robespierre • Committee of Public Safety Reign of Terror (17931794) • Thermadorian Reaction �Girondins Directory (1795) Jean Paul Marat

French Revolution “The first maxim of our politics ought to be to lead the people by means of reason and the enemies of the people by terror. If the basis of popular government in time of peace is virtue, the basis of popular government in time of revolution is both virtue and terror: virtue without which terror is murderous, terror without which virtue is powerless. Terror is nothing else than swift, severe, indomitable justice; it flows, then, from virtue. ” --Robespierre

French Revolution Every Gangsta’ Needs A Lamborghini And No Chicks Drive Cool Nuff Estates General National Assembly Legislative Assembly National Convention Directory Consulate Napoleon By Tati, Derion, and Darrien

Stage American Revolution 1. Writers denounce existing conditions and provide new goals and ideas. Colonial lawyers protested the Stamp Act, and leaders encouraged conflict with British authorities. 2. Public discontent results in riots Colonists engaged in protests and other acts of violence. boycotts, including the Boston Tea Party 3. The ruling group is frightened British Parliament repealed the into making repeated Stamp Act; Britain fought the concessions until power is colonists in a war and lost. transferred or drastically changed 4. The reformers (revolutionaries) The confederation led to Shay’s carry out their reforms, but if Rebellion. their measures are too drastic, the new nation splits into rival groups. 5. Radicals seize power and try to impose their views on the nation. 6. The people are tired of the radicals and moderates regain power. New leaders emerged and created a new constitution or written plan and a new system of government. Addition of the Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution. French Revolution

French Revolution Every Gangsta’ Needs A Lamborghini And No Chicks Drive Cool Nuff Estates General National Assembly Legislative Assembly National Convention Directory Consulate Napoleon By Tati, Derion, and Darrien

How did Napoleon come to power? Directory (1795) Napoleon Bonaparte (1769 -1821) Early Military Service • “Whiff of grapeshot” • 1796—Italy • Egyptian Campaign �Admiral Horatio Nelson �Rosetta Stone Consulate • • Coup d’etat (1799) “First Consul” Plebiscite (1800) “Consul for life” (1802) Lord Nelson

Did Napoleon destroy or preserve the Revolution?

Napoleon’s Empire “What the people of Germany desire…that any trace of serfdom and of an intermediate hierarchy between the sovereign and the lowest class of the people should be completely abolished. The benefits of the Code Napoleon, the publicity of judicial procedure, the creation of juries must be so many distinguishing marks of your monarchy…The peoples of Germany, the peoples of France, of Italy, of Spain all desire equality and liberal ideas. Be a constitutional king. ” --Napoleon to his brother Jerome (King of Westphalia)

What did Napoleon accomplish in France? Domestic Policy • • Concordat (1801) Emperor (1804) Napoleonic Code Bureaucracy �Lycees

Napoleon’s Empire American Empire • Haiti (1789) • Louisiana Purchase (1803) Dependents, Allies • Austerlitz (1805) Continental System (1806) • Trafalgar (1805) • British Blockade �US Embargo Act (1807) War of 1812 Peninsular War (1808) Invasion of Russia (1812) • “Scorched earth”

1812 Overture— Pyotr Illyich Tchaikovsky (1882)

Empire’s Collapse Battle of Leipzig (1813) • Surrender (April 1814) “The Hundred Days” (1815) • Waterloo Napoleon’s Tomb— Les Invalides (Paris) Waterloo Memorial

After Napoleon Congress of Vienna (1814) • Klemens von Metternich • Goals 1. 2. 3. Surround France Balance of power Return legitimate rulers • Concert of Europe �Holy Alliance Legacy of Rev. and Nap. Klemens von Metternich • Nationalism, Liberal Movements

Stages of Revolution 1. Incubation Phase (Old Order) • Intellectual criticism, faith in the system is lost, economic crisis, a new class is on the rise 2. Moderate Phase • 2012 Some acts of violence, revolution seems to be over, pressure from extremists, government is unable to operate effectively 3. Radical Phase • Mass violence, secret police, foreign threats, extreme nationalism, class struggle, forced ideological conformity Mohamed Morsi 4. Recovery Phase • Government reverts to prerevolutionary form, often rule by a tyrant, uneven return to peace 2011 2013