St Joseph Novena O glorious St Joseph faithful

Presidential Election of 1789 � George Washington � John Adams � John Jay �

George Washington � � � Washington became president John Adams became the vice president

Americans Worried about a King � Americans were concerned about having a president. �

Precedents � Precedents – traditions � Washington, as 1 st precedent, had to set

Presidential Cabinet � The President’s Cabinet, the individuals who help him carry out the

The First Cabinet Name Office Job Thomas Jefferson State Foreign relations Alexander Hamilton Treasury

Judiciary Act of 1789 � Congress was split between those who favored state courts

Judiciary Act of 1789 � Compromise – each side obtained something it wanted. �

Supreme Court � The highest court in the land would be the Supreme Court.

Bill of Rights � The Antifederalists had refused to ratify the Constitution without a

Bill of Rights (abridged) 1) Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition. 2)

National Debt � The United States owed a great deal of debt to other

Homework � p. 262, Chapter 8, Section 1 Assessment

Hamilton’s Plan � Hamilton wanted the national government to assume state war debts. �

A Capital Compromise � Southern states owed less of the total war debt than

National Bank - Constitutional or Unconstitutional? � Hamilton asked Congress to create a national

Elastic Clause aka Necessary and Proper Clause � Article I, Section 8 of the

Strong National Government vs. Weak National Government � � � https: //www. youtube. com/watch?

Tariffs � - What is a tariff? A tax on imports. � Did the

Tariffs � Hamilton was able to get support for low tariffs. Not mainly to

Section 1 Assessment 1) Write a paragraph for each group of terms below. Group

Section 1 Assessment 3) What compromise did Congress reach in establishing a court system?

Section 1 Assessment 5) Re-create the diagram below. Compare the views of Hamilton and

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St. Joseph Novena O glorious St. Joseph, faithful follower of Jesus Christ, to you we raise our hearts and hands to implore your powerful intercession in obtaining from the benign heart of Jesus all the helps and graces necessary for our spiritual and temporal welfare, particularly for the grace of a happy death and the special favor we now request. (mention your request) O guardian of the Word Incarnate, we feel animated with confidence that your prayers in our behalf will be graciously heard before throne of God. O glorious St. Joseph, through the love you bear to Jesus Christ and for the glory of His name, hear our prayers and obtain our petitions. Amen.

CHAPTER 8: A NEW NATION

Section 1: The First President

Presidential Election of 1789 � George Washington � John Adams � John Jay � Robert H. Harrison � Each elector cast two votes, with at least one for Washington

George Washington � � � Washington became president John Adams became the vice president (he received the second most number of Electoral Votes) https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Jg. CQDZdl Mdc – George Washington Song

Americans Worried about a King � Americans were concerned about having a president. � There was no chief executive under the Articles (there was a president of the Congress), and there were 2 under the New Jersey Plan.

Precedents � Precedents – traditions � Washington, as 1 st precedent, had to set a good precedent. � Washington told people to call him, “Mr. President. ” � https: //www. youtube. com /watch? v=ENMw. YMt. BGA 8

Presidential Cabinet � The President’s Cabinet, the individuals who help him carry out the nation’s laws, was created by Congress. � The president would select men to fill these positions, and the Senate (upper house of Congress) would confirm or reject them.

The First Cabinet Name Office Job Thomas Jefferson State Foreign relations Alexander Hamilton Treasury Financial matters Henry Knox War National defense Edmond Randolph Attorney General Head of government’s legal affairs

Judiciary Act of 1789 � Congress was split between those who favored state courts and those who favored a uniform, national legal system.

Judiciary Act of 1789 � Compromise – each side obtained something it wanted. � On the one hand, those favoring a strong, federal court system were able to get a federal court system with 13 district courts and 3 circuit courts to serve the nation. � On the other hand, state laws and state courts would remain in place, preserving federalism in the judicial sphere.

Supreme Court � The highest court in the land would be the Supreme Court. It consisted of 6 judges, or justices. Chief Justice: John Jay Associate Justices: John Rutledge, William Cushing, James Wilson, John Blair, James Iredell How many justices sit on the Supreme Court today?

Bill of Rights � The Antifederalists had refused to ratify the Constitution without a Bill of Rights. � The Federalists won the debate, and ratification happened, because they promised to add a Bill of Rights after ratification. � Congress passed 12 amendments, and the states ratified the first 10 of them.

Bill of Rights (abridged) 1) Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition. 2) Right to keep and bear arms in order to maintain a well regulated militia. 3) No quartering of soldiers. 4) Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures. 5) Right to due process of law, freedom from self-incrimination, double jeopardy. 6) Rights of accused persons, e. g. , right to a speedy and public trial. 7) Right of trial by jury in civil cases. 8) Freedom from excessive bail, cruel and unusual punishments. 9) Other rights of the people. 10) Powers reserved to the states.

National Debt � The United States owed a great deal of debt to other nations after the Revolutionary War. Why were the Articles unhelpful for dealing with this? - Congress had previously had no power to tax and could only ask states for money. Now it could tax. �

Homework � p. 262, Chapter 8, Section 1 Assessment

Hamilton’s Plan � Hamilton wanted the national government to assume state war debts. � He also decided to pay back debt for bonds (paper IOUs) at the original value. � Some bondholders sold off their bonds to speculators (people who risk money to make a bigger profit) at less than their original value. � The bondholders were unhappy about losing money.

A Capital Compromise � Southern states owed less of the total war debt than the Northern states. � Hamilton appeased them by moving the Capital south, between Virginia and Maryland on the banks of the Potomac River. https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=zbd. FU MTo. AJo - #1 George Washington

National Bank - Constitutional or Unconstitutional? � Hamilton asked Congress to create a national bank. � Madison and Jefferson opposed the idea, for two reasons: � It would benefit the wealthy, not everyone else � It was unconstitutional � 1791 – Washington signed the bank bill

Elastic Clause aka Necessary and Proper Clause � Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution says: The Congress shall have Power. . . To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof. � Was Hamilton right? Was Jefferson right? Did Congress NEED to make a national bank to carry out its delegated powers? � This was the start of the debate between supports of a Strict interpretation of the Constitution vs. a Loose interpretation of the Constitution.

Strong National Government vs. Weak National Government � � � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=_Kn. PB 37 Y B 7 I https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=not. Ju. FGXQ 9 w https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=ENMw. YMt. B GA 8

Tariffs � - What is a tariff? A tax on imports. � Did the North or the South like tariffs? Why/why not? - The North wanted tariffs so its growing industry would be protected from industry in foreign nations. - The South didn’t want tariffs because it had little industry. The North could use tariffs to charge very high prices.

Tariffs � Hamilton was able to get support for low tariffs. Not mainly to protect northern industry – but for what? - Federal money. There was no federal income tax until the 16 th Amendment in 1913. - How much of the original income of the national government came from tariffs? - 90% -

Section 1 Assessment 1) Write a paragraph for each group of terms below. Group 1: precedent, cabinet. Group 2: national debt, bond, speculator. Group 3: unconstitutional, tariff. - Answers vary. 2) Name three things that Hamilton wanted to do to create a stable economic system and strengthen the economy. - Pay off debts, form a national bank, enact tariffs, and create national taxes.

Section 1 Assessment 3) What compromise did Congress reach in establishing a court system? - The Judiciary Act of 1789 kept state laws in place, but gave federal courts power to reverse state decisions. 4) Hamilton said about Washington, “He consulted much, pondered much, resolved slowly, resolved surely. ” Did this make Washington a good first president? Explain. - Answers should show that it is important to consult others, think carefully about actions, and take action with confidence.

Section 1 Assessment 5) Re-create the diagram below. Compare the views of Hamilton and Jefferson. In the boxes, write “for” or “against” for each issue. Issue Hamilton Jefferson National bank For Against Protective tariff For Against National taxes For Against 6) Examine the picture of the U. S. Capitol on page 261. The Capitol is one of the most widely recognized buildings in the world. What members of the government serve in the Capitol? What does the U. S. Capitol symbolize to you? - Members of the Senate and the House of Representatives; answers may include an idea of national unity, democracy, and American pride.

Homework � Study