SSWH 14 The student will analyze the Age

SSWH 14 The student will analyze the Age of Revolutions and Rebellions. a. Examine absolutism through a comparison of the rules of Louis XIV, Tsar Peter the Great, and Tokugawa Ieyasu.

Louis XIV • Known as the “Sun King”, Louis XIV, believed in the divine right of kings • He controlled the power of France’s upper class and limited the power of the church • Supported the arts and literature • Reign lasted 72 years

Tsar Peter the Great • Took control of Russia’s Eastern Orthodox Church • He reduced the power of the large landowners • Pushed education reforms and “westernized” Russia • Reigned for 42 years

Tokugawa Ieyasu • Was appointed Shogun, with almost unlimited power • Redistributed power among the upper class (daimyo) • Promoted the arts and literature • Persecuted Christians • His family ruled Japan for 250 years

Louis XIV Peter the Great Tokugawa Ieyasu Control of Power Limited the Power of the Upper Class Reduced the power of the large landowners Redistributed land among the upper class Arts Supported the arts and literature Westernized Russia, including education reforms Supported the arts and literature Religion Took control of the Church Controlled religious choice

b. Identify the causes and results of the revolutions in England (1689), United States (1776), France (1789), Haiti (1791), and Latin America (1808 -1825).

England’s “Glorious Revolution” (1689) • In 1660 Charles II came to power • During his reign, Parliament passed several measures limiting the power of the monarchy and giving certain rights to it’s citizens • When Charles died in 1685 he had no children (heirs), which then allowed his brother James II, a Catholic, to assume throne James II Why would a Catholic King concern the English Parliament?

James II • In violation of English law, James appointed several Catholics to positions of high office • After Parliament protested, James dissolved it James believed in the absolute power of the King. Why would this concern Parliament?

William and Mary • At the invitation of Parliament, Mary, James’ oldest daughter, and a Protestant, was asked to take over the throne with her husband William • With very little fighting, William and Mary took over the throne and formed a constitutional monarchy with Parliament (The Glorious Revolution)

The American Revolution (1776) • By the mid 1700 s: -colonist had been living, away from England, in North America for nearly 150 years -The British colonies had developed trade with much of Europe -Many colonists had been born in North American and not England -Many colonial leaders were inspired by Enlightenment Ideas By the mid 1700 s, who would have many colonist related more to, England or the colonies? Why?

The American Revolution • In the mid 1600 s, England began taxing imported European goods, and restricted colonial trade to only England • In 1754 England France fought in North American during the French and Indian War-With the help of the colonists, England wins. • England forbids colonists from entering Indian lands by forming the Proclamation Line of 1763

The American Revolution • England, which had accumulated huge debts, expected the American colonies to help pay for the French and Indian War • In 1765, Parliament passed the Stamp Act, taxing the colonists on newspapers, wills, deeds, and playing cards among other things • The colonists protested this “direct tax”

The American Revolution • Between 1765 and 1775 tensions and hostilities between the two sides increased -After the British tax tea, colonist hold the Boston Tea Party -The 1 st and 2 nd Continental Congress’ are formed as a way of organizing and protesting against the British -The British and Americans fight at Lexington and Concord, starting the American Revolution

Results of the American Revolution • • The colonies formed a new, separate government Wrote the American Constitution Inspired other countries to revolt and form democracies Franklin and Jefferson become leaders of the American Enlightenment

French Revolution (1789) • France was socially and politically divided into 3 classes, or estates: 1 st Estate: Clergy 2 nd Estate: nobles, held offices of power 3 rd Estate: middle, and lower classes, 97 % of France belonged to this class The clergy and nobles owned over 30% of the land, and paid very few taxes Why would members of the 3 rd Estate feel inspired by Enlightenment ideas?

French Revolution • Problems begin to mount: - France’s economy began to falter in the 1780 s - Poor weather led to crop failure and sky-rocketing food prices - France accrued huge debts helping the American colonies against Britain - King Louis XVI and his Queen, Marie Antoinette, spent lavishly, until France was nearly bankrupt

French Revolution • To generate needed revenue, Louis XVI wanted to impose taxes on the 2 nd Estate at a meeting of the Estates General • At this meeting, with members of the clergy and nobles joining them, the 3 rd Estate representatives called for the end of the absolute monarchy The Estates General was a meeting of all three Estates, with the 3 rd Estate normally given very little voting power.

French Revolution • Peasants in Paris, afraid that the King would put down the Estates General by force, and by rumors of foreign troops invading France, attacked the Bastille, in search of gun powder and arms • The rebellion eventually spread to the French countryside, and eventually led to the execution of the King and Queen

Results of the French Revolution • From 1789 until 1794 France went through a period of upheaval and unrest as various sides tried to take control • In 1795 a new form of government was formed with a two-house legislation and a 5 man executive committee (The Directory) • The revolution eventually led to Napoleon Bonaparte becoming emperor of France (1804)

Haitian Revolution (1791) • Haiti (Saint Domingue), was a French colony in the Caribbean, which was one of the world’s largest producers of sugar and contained numerous plantations • Slaves were brought in to work in the cane fields and outnumbered free people 10 to 1

Haitian Revolution • Slave ownership in Haiti was different than the American slave system: -Haitian slaves were mostly African born -Conditions in Haiti were harsh, with many slaves dying from overwork and the lack of food, clothing, and shelter • In 1791, The French Revolutionary government, granted citizenship to wealthy, freed men “of color” • The French plantation owners in Haiti refused to recognize this order, and minor fighting broke out between slaves and the owners • The slave revolt spread under the leadership of Toussaint L’Ouverture • With France in disarray, the French couldn’t send a massive army over to Haiti to quell the rebellion

Results of the Haitian Revolution • Haiti became the first Latin American country to gain independence from a European power • The loss of Haiti convinced Napoleon to abandon interest in North America and led to the sale of the Louisiana Territory to the U. S. in 1803

Latin America (1808 -1825) • In 1808, Napoleon conquered Spain, leading to rebellions against Spanish rule in several Latin American countries • Many in Latin America were spurred on by the Revolutions in America and France and the ideas of Enlightenment thinkers

Results of Latin American Revolutions • By 1830 many of the Spanish and European colonies had gained independence According to the map, what was the first colony to gain independence? How did this influence other colonies in the Western Hemisphere?

c. Explain Napoleon’s rise to power, the role of geography in his defeat, and the consequences of France’s defeat for Europe.

Napoleon • Napoleon was a French general who had won several key victories for France during the 1790 s • After returning to France from key victories in Austria and Italy, Napoleon found the post revolutionary Directory in disarray • Napoleon seized power in 1799 when he became the first council (of three)

Napoleon • Looking for stability, in 1800, the French people voted to give the 1 st Counsel the majority of power • Napoleon established the Napoleonic Code which set up a uniform system of laws. It also limited the freedom of press and speech.

Napoleon • In 1804 Napoleon, with the support of the people, decided to make himself Emperor of France • His next move was to expand France’s power throughout the World

Napoleon’s Downfall • Between 1805 and 1813 Napoleon conquered much of Europe • In 1813 he decide to invade Russia, with over 400, 000 men • Russia lay over 600 miles away, with most of his men having to walk

• After a 3 month march, and having lost 80, 000 men, Napoleon reached Moscow, only to find it abandoned and in flames • Napoleon’s supply lines were spread too thin to be effective and the Russian winter began to take it’s toll on the French troops By the time Napoleon's army left Russia, it had been reduced to only 10, 000 men from the original 420, 000 man army.

• Though Napoleon was able to raise another army, he suffered his final defeat in 1815 at the Battle of Waterloo • Napoleon was exiled to a small island in the South Atlantic where he eventually died

Napoleon’s Defeat • Napoleon's defeat led to the Congress of Vienna where European powers met to set a balance of power in Europe -France’s borders were contained by stronger nations to prevent French aggression -Many European monarchies were restored to power - Europe gained a long lasting peace (40 years)

d. Examine the interaction of China and Japan with westerners; include the Opium War, the Taiping Rebellion, and Commodore Perry.

Opium War • For the most part, China remained isolated from foreign powers due in part to their culture, and their ability to be economically self-sufficient • Trade with foreigners was limited to one port city, with the Chinese earning much more from their exports than what they paid for European imports-this created a trade imbalance in favor of the Chinese

Opium War • Starting in the late 1700 s the British decided to try and swing the balance of trade in their favor by smuggling opium into China from their colony in India By the mid 1830 s nearly 12 million Chinese were addicted to opium-a product only the British controlled

Opium War • After repeated requests to the British government to stop the illegal opium trade, the Chinese and British fought mostly a naval war, in which the British crushed the Chinese. • China was made to sign a treaty which gave Britain Hong Kong, and free trade with China

Taiping Rebellion • By the 1850 s a movement had gained strength in southern China in which the followers believed that all Chinese would share the country’s wealth • The Chinese government, along with French and British troops, attacked the Taiping rebels: by the mid 1860 s nearly 20 million Chinese had died in this civil war

Commodore Perry • Starting in the early 1600 s under the rule of Tokugawa, Japan shut it’s ports to outside influences • In the mid 1850 s, U. S. Commodore Perry, anchored off Japan with a treaty from President Fillmore demanding free trade with Japan.

Commodore Perry • Perry threatened the Japanese that the U. S. would attack if the treaty was not accepted • Faced with the U. S. ’s modern navy and cannons, Japan agreed to the treaty • Open trade led Japan to modernize and them becoming a world power