SSWH 10 The student will analyze the impact

SSWH 10 The student will analyze the impact of the age of discovery and expansion into the Americas, Africa, and Asia. a. Explain the roles of explorers and conquistadors; include Zheng He, Vasco da Gama, Christopher Columbus, Ferdinand Magellan, James Cook, and Samuel de Champlain.

Explorers and Conquistadors • Explorers: those who ventured into unknown regions to discover new things (trade routes, lands, the unknown) • Conquistadors: Those, especially the Spanish, who traveled to other lands to conquer and subjugate the people: often in search of fame and fortune

Explorer versus Conquistador • Examples of explorers • Examples of are Christopher Conquistadores are Columbus, Vasco de Hernan Cortes, Gama, and Samuel Francisco Pizarro, de Champlain. and Hernando de Soto.

Zheng He (jung huh) • A Chinese explorer in the early 1400 s • Explored the Indian Ocean area using huge fleets to explore and show off Chinese superiority • Fleet numbered 27, 000 on some voyages, they included sailors, soldiers, carpenters, interpreters, and doctors. One of Zheng He’s fleets contained over 27, 000 men, with ships over 400 feet long.

Zheng He (China) • Voyages ranged from Southeast Asia to eastern Africa. • He distributed gifts of gold and silver to show Chinese superiority. • More than 16 countries began to send tribute to China. • After the last of his voyages, China withdrew into isloation

Vasco da Gama • Portuguese sailors had been exploring the western coast of Africa since the early 1400 s • In 1497, da Gama sailed around the tip of Africa and headed north towards India • In India, da Gama, found Indian cities full of spices and jewels • Filled ships with pepper and cinnamon and returned to Portugal. • Cargo was worth 60 times the cost of the voyage.

Vasco de Gama (Portugal) • He established the first ocean based European trade route to India which led to the establishment of a Portuguese trading empire

Christopher Columbus • Italian sailor, who sailed for Spain, attempting to find a shorter trade route to India (1492) • Instead he landed in the Bahamas, but believed he was off the coast of India • Columbus’ next three voyages to the New World were to establish colonies for Spain

Ferdinand Magellan (Spain) • Portuguese explorer who sailed for Spain (1519) • Sailed around the tip of South America and named the Pacific Ocean • Explored Guam and reached the Philippines were he was killed in a local war. • The remainder of his crew continued westward and became the first voyage to circumnavigate the globe

James Cook (Great Britain) • Made a series of three voyages exploring the Pacific Ocean (1760 s-1770 s) • Included claiming New Zealand Australia for England sailed below the Arctic Circle • Discovered the Hawaiian Islands and was killed there in the late 1770 s • Cook is credited with mapping much of the Pacific Ocean, and discovering new lands

Samuel de Champlain • A French explorer (early 1600 s) know as the “Father of New France” • Explored the St. Lawrence River, the Great Lakes, and established Quebec City

Samuel de Champlain (France) • In 1608 he sailed up the St. Lawrence river with 32 colonist. • They founded Quebec, which became the basis of France’s colonial empire in North America. • This new colonial empire became known as New France.

b. Define the Columbian Exchange and its global economic and cultural impact.

Columbian Exchange • This was the interaction between Europe, North American colonists, and Africa • This interaction included the intentional and unintentional exchanges of plants, animals, and diseases between the three continents • European diseases killed off millions of Native Americans who had no immunity to them

Columbian Exchange • The global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas. • This transfer of goods went both ways.

New things from the New World • Ships from the Americas brought back a wide array of items never before seen in Europe. • Plants included tomatoes, squash, pineapples, tobacco, cacao beans, corn, and potatoes. • Animals, such as the turkey, were also brought back.

New things from the Old World • Europeans introduced livestock animals into the Americas. • These included horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs. • Foods from Africa were introduced including bananas, black-eyed peas, and yams. • Grains introduced included wheat, rice, barley, and oats.

Disease • Diseases brought to the Americas had a tragic impact. • They included smallpox and measles and led to the death of millions of Native Americans. • Other diseases included influenza, typhus, malaria, and diphtheria.

Global trade • New wealth from the Americas and a growth of overseas trade promoted a wave of new business and trade practices. • Capitalism, mercantilism, and the joint-stock company are all results of the Columbian Exchange.

Economic revolution changes society • Led to a growth of towns and the rise of a class of merchants. • Increased the wealth of European nations and created national identities.

c. Explain the role of improved technology in European exploration; include the astrolabe.

The Tools of Exploration • On the open seas winds could blow ships off course. • Sea captains had only the sun, moon, and stars to guide them • European inventors and sailors devised new tools for navigation and a new ship for ocean-sailing.

The caravel • A versatile ship with triangular sails for maneuverability and square sails for power. • A large cargo area could hold numerous supplies for long voyages. • It had a shallow draft to explore close to the shore.

The astrolabe • A brass circle with rings marked off in degrees. • Using the rings, a sea captain could calculate latitude, or how far north or south of the equator the ship was. • The astrolabe was a Muslim invention.

The sextant • The sextant replaced the astrolabe as the instrument for measuring the height of stars above the horizon. • This was a more accurate way to determine latitude and longitude.

The compass • Explorers were able to accurately track their direction by using a magnetic compass. • The needle of a magnetic compass points north. • The compass was invented by the Chinese.