SSUSH 4 The student will identify the ideological

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SSUSH 4 The student will identify the ideological, military, and diplomatic aspects of the

SSUSH 4 The student will identify the ideological, military, and diplomatic aspects of the American Revolution. a. Investigate the intellectual sources, organization, and argument of the Declaration of Independence including the role of Thomas Jefferson and the Committee of Five.

 • After having to endure heavy taxation on basic goods and the end

• After having to endure heavy taxation on basic goods and the end of salutary neglect, American colonists sought freedom from Great Britain. • Ideological reasons for the war’s outbreak are emphasized in the Declaration of Independence. Leading Up to the American Revolutionary War

Declaration of Independence The document’s ideas can be traced to several philosophies: • John

Declaration of Independence The document’s ideas can be traced to several philosophies: • John Locke -believed people were born with certain natural rights (life, liberty and property) -that the people and the government have a “contract” -people had the right to overthrow a government if it did not uphold its end of the contract

Declaration of Independence • Montesquieu -French philosopher -Wrote of three types of political power

Declaration of Independence • Montesquieu -French philosopher -Wrote of three types of political power (executive, legislative, and judicial) -Separation of power and checks and balances

Declaration of Independence • The Declaration of Independence was the ideological explanation for American

Declaration of Independence • The Declaration of Independence was the ideological explanation for American independence. • Although Thomas Jefferson was the principal author of the document, he was one member of the Committee of Five who had been tasked with drafting a statement to represent the Continental Congress delegates’ decision to seek independence from Britain. Benjamin Franklin and John Adams editing Thomas Jefferson’s original writing of the Declaration of Independence

Declaration of Independence Made up of 5 parts 1. The Preamble which explains the

Declaration of Independence Made up of 5 parts 1. The Preamble which explains the purpose of the 4. Resolution of Independence document which declares that the colonies 2. Declaration of Natural are free from Britain Rights which is taken 5. Signers declared that they, as almost directly from Locke (Life, Liberty, and representatives of the colonies the pursuit of Happiness) approved the document 3. List of Grievances which list the colonists’ complaints against Britain

 • The Committee of Five, as they were known, included Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin

• The Committee of Five, as they were known, included Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Robert Livingston of New York, and Roger Sherman of Connecticut. • Jefferson was known to be a prolific writer and was asked by the group to write an initial draft of the public statement for independence. Committee of Five

Declaration of Independence The signing of the Declaration of Independence signaled the beginning of

Declaration of Independence The signing of the Declaration of Independence signaled the beginning of the American Revolutionary War.

b. Explain the reason for and significance of the French alliance and other foreign

b. Explain the reason for and significance of the French alliance and other foreign assistance including the diplomacy of Benjamin Franklin and John Adams.

France enters the war • The French, old enemies of Britain, began to secretly

France enters the war • The French, old enemies of Britain, began to secretly send supplies to the Americans. • Benjamin Franklin is sent to France in 1776 to try and persuade the French to enter the war. He stayed in France until 1785. • The Americans wanted France to send troops as well, but France wanted an impressive American victory before declaring war on Britain.

 • Benjamin Franklin and John Adams, who had been key figures in the

• Benjamin Franklin and John Adams, who had been key figures in the development of the Patriot cause in the colonies spent the majority of the American Revolution in Europe working to negotiate assistance from France, Spain, and the Netherlands. • The French ultimately provided critical military and financial assistance, while the Spain and the Netherlands provided primarily financial assistance to the American cause. France Enters the War

 • George Washington was appointed by the Continental Congress to be the Commander

• George Washington was appointed by the Continental Congress to be the Commander in Chief of the Continental Army. • After his appointment, Washington reorganized the Continental Army, secured additional equipment and supplies, and started a training program to turn inexperienced recruits into a professional military. As a field general, Washington was not the most skilled commander. • Despite losing many battles, Washington’s strong personality and reputation garnered him the support and respect of American soldiers. c. Analyze George Washington as a military leader, including but not limited to the influence of Baron von Steuben, the Marquis de La. Fayette, and the significance of Valley Forge in the creation of a professional military.

George Washington, Baron von Steuben, the Marquis de Lafayette, Valley Forge • The early

George Washington, Baron von Steuben, the Marquis de Lafayette, Valley Forge • The early war effort goes poorly for the Americans as they lose several key battles. • In 1777, George Washington and the Continental Army take up winter quarters at Valley Forge (PA). • The Marquis de Lafayette from France, helped to hold the remaining troops together through training and discipline.

Valley Forge, Pennsylvania • After the British capture Philadelphia in September 1777, Washington takes

Valley Forge, Pennsylvania • After the British capture Philadelphia in September 1777, Washington takes his troops into winter quarters at Valley Forge. • Poorly equipped and supplied, the cold, food shortages, and diseases, kill nearly 2, 500 men.

 • Steuben was especially instrumental in teaching close-order drill critical for the maneuver

• Steuben was especially instrumental in teaching close-order drill critical for the maneuver and fire tactics of eighteenth century warfare. • The Marquis de Lafayette also assisted in the professionalization and training of American forces during the winter at Valley Forge. George Washington, Baron von Steuben, the Marquis de La. Fayette

d. Investigate the role of geography at the Battles of Trenton, Saratoga, and Yorktown.

d. Investigate the role of geography at the Battles of Trenton, Saratoga, and Yorktown.

American Revolution • In October 1777, the Americans defeated the British at Saratoga, NY.

American Revolution • In October 1777, the Americans defeated the British at Saratoga, NY. This American victory was a turning point in the war because it boosted American moral and brought France into the war against Britain.

Crossing the Delaware • Most armies of the time didn’t fight during the winter

Crossing the Delaware • Most armies of the time didn’t fight during the winter because of the poor weather conditions, and scarcity of food. • On December 25 th 1776, Washington, needing a victory to convince many of his soldiers to reenlist, crosses the Delaware River into NJ and captures almost 1, 000 British troops and their supplies. What might have happened if Washington’s attack had failed?

Yorktown, Virginia • In April 1781, British forces led by General Cornwallis invade Virginia

Yorktown, Virginia • In April 1781, British forces led by General Cornwallis invade Virginia • Cornwallis moves his troops to Yorktown in order to gain supplies and keep a line of communication open by sea Though moving his army to Yorktown to get easily supplied by the British navy seemed like a good decision, why might moving your army onto a peninsula be a bad idea?

Yorktown • Washington took the opportunity to march from NY to Yorktown with a

Yorktown • Washington took the opportunity to march from NY to Yorktown with a combined American and French army. • The French navy sailed up from the Caribbean to block supplies from reaching Cornwallis’ army and to cut off his ability to escape by sea.

Yorktown What role did the French play in defeating the British? • In September

Yorktown What role did the French play in defeating the British? • In September 1781 American and French forces surround Yorktown and begin to attack Cornwallis’ army. • After almost 3 weeks of constant bombardment, the 8, 000 man British army surrenders. • The surrender at Yorktown signaled the end of the war for the British.

 • In addition to the efforts of the Daughters of Liberty to find

• In addition to the efforts of the Daughters of Liberty to find alternative goods to feed and clothe families during the pre. Revolutionary War boycotts, women in America often traveled with the soldiers and sometimes served as spies during the war. • Although many American Indians sided with the British in the Revolutionary War, some in New England supported the Patriots. (They fought on both sides) • Enslaved and free Blacks also participated in the war, often on the side of the Patriots by enlisting in militia groups. They believed that the fight for American freedom would secure rights for themselves as well. e. Examine the roles of women, American Indians, and enslaved and free Blacks in supporting the war effort.

f. Explain the significance of the Treaty of Paris, 1783. • Signed in September

f. Explain the significance of the Treaty of Paris, 1783. • Signed in September 1783, the Treaty: -Recognized the United States as a new nation, setting it’s western border at the Mississippi River -Gave Florida back to Spain, and gave the French several colonies in Africa and the Caribbean