SSUSH 1 Compare and contrast the development of

SSUSH 1 Compare and contrast the development of English settlement and colonization during the 17 th century.

Essential Question: How did mercantilism and salutary neglect lead to the development of colonies.

England’s Colonization of the Americas: MERCANTILISM -The colonies were created to generate and build wealth and power in England (the mother country) through mercantilism. -Mercantilism was an economic policy in which England (the Mother Country) established the colonies to provide raw materials to the Mother Country; the colonies received manufactured goods in return. -The Navigation Acts ensured that England would be the only country to benefit from mercantilism. These laws were designed to keep England’s own colonies from competing with their mother country.

Trans-Atlantic Trade: -England’s Trans-Atlantic Trade flourished under the mercantilist system. Trans-Atlantic trade, sometimes referred to as Triangular Trade, often took a three-step voyage around the Atlantic rim. -1 st: English ships loaded with rum, cloth, and other manufactured goods sailed to Africa, where they were traded for Africans as part of the slave trade. -2 nd: Middle Passage was the leg of the journey that took place as slaves were transported on a brutal voyage from Africa to the Americas and sold there as a forced labor to colonial landowners. -3 rd: Raw materials transported from American colonies to England to be made into the manufactured goods that would start the cycle again.

Trans-Atlantic Trade

Trans-Atlantic Trade -Slaves eventually replaced indentured servants. Indentured servants were a cheap labor source that worked on a contract between 4 -7 years. Eventually, they would become free and eligible to own their own land. Slaves would provide a free labor source for their entire lifetime.

Slave Ship “Middle Passage”

Slave Ship “Middle Passage”

“Coffin” Position Below Deck Slaves were terribly positioned in the slave ship to fit in as many slaves as possible.

African Captives Thrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships!

From an engraving entitled An Englishman Tastes the Sweat of an African, numbered from right to left the image shows Africans displayed for sale in a public market, an African being examined before purchase, an Englishman licking sweat from the African's chin to test whether he is sick with a tropical disease (a sick slave would quickly infect the rest of the 'human cargo' on a tightly packed slave ship), and an African slave wearing an iron slave marker.

Southern Colonies: COLONIAL REGIONS -SOUTHERN COLONIES included Virginia, Maryland, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina; and were founded mainly for economic reasons. -Because of its warmer climate with long, hot summers, fertile soil, and waterways, the South was mainly agricultural with many cash crops including tobacco, rice, cotton, and indigo. -Many large plantations were located throughout the South which required many slaves for the harsh labor. The economy of the South flourished as a result of the free, hard labor of slaves.

Jamestown -Jamestown, Virginia was the first English settlement in North America. The settlement almost failed as a result of lack of work ethic of the colonists and the mosquito -infested swamps, but due to the help of Pocahontas and her tribe teaching the colonists how to survive and the introduction of tobacco as a cash crop, the colony survived and flourished. -Virginia was the site of Bacon’s Rebellion. Former indentured servants were angry over the perceived failure of the Virginia governor to protect their lands from Native American attacks. Led by Nathaniel Bacon, the angry colonists burned down Jamestown.

House of Burgesses -The Virginia House of Burgesses was the first representative legislative body in the colonies. For the first time, citizens voted and elected their representatives to govern their colony. The House of Burgesses is one of the first examples of colonial selfgovernment.

New England Colonies: -NEW ENGLAND COLONIES (Northern) included New Hampshire, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island. -Because of its colder climate with long, harsh winters, rocky soil, plentiful forests, and waterways, the Northern colonies were mainly industrial with shipbuilding and fishing as the foundation of its economy. -Founded mainly for religious reasons as Pilgrims and Puritans settled the area to flee (escape) religious persecution.

New England—Government: -Pilgrims signed the Mayflower Compact, the first written government in the American colonies. It was an example of colonial self-government. -The Puritans tightly controlled the political and social structure of the community. Communities were run using town meetings. Voting rights were limited to men who belonged to the church.

New England—Salem -In Puritan society, extreme religious Witch Trials: faith, stress from a growing population, deteriorating relations with American Indians, religious intolerance, and the narrow opportunities for women and girls to participate in society were direct causes of the Salem Witch Trials. -In 1692, the hysteria of the Salem Witch Trials led to over 150 Massachusetts colonists being accused of witchcraft. Of the 150 accused, 29 were convicted and 19 hanged. At least six more people died in prison.

New England—King Philip’s War -Colonists in New England had a very hostile relationship with Native Americans. King Philip’s War (1675 -1676) was an early and bloody conflict between English and regional American Indian tribal groups over colonists taking Native American lands and trying to force Natives into Puritan religion. King Philip, or Metacom, was the regional leader of the American Indians.

Mid-Atlantic Colonies: -MID-ATLANTIC COLONIES (Middle) included New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. -Because of its milder climate with access to abundant rivers and harbors, the Middle colonies were known for its abundant grain production (called the bread-basket colonies) and served as the major commercial center of trade for the colonies. -The Mid-Atlantic colonial region is noted for its significant cultural and religious diversity and tolerance. It was made up of colonists of various ethnicities and religious backgrounds.

Mid-Atlantic— New Amsterdam to New York: -The Dutch established the North American colony of New Netherland in 1614. Trade was centered around New Netherland’s port of New Amsterdam. Due to the economic success of the port, England took control and renamed the colony and its major port, New York and New York City.

Mid-Atlantic—Diversity: -William Penn founded Pennsylvania as a Quaker colony. The Quakers believed in religious tolerance and fair treatment of the American Indians in the area. Because of the religious and cultural tolerance practiced by Penn and the Quakers, Pennsylvania exemplifies the diversity for which the Mid-Atlantic Colonies are known.

Colonial Life -Pull factors that influenced colonists to migrate to the Americas from Europe included economic opportunity, religious freedom, abundance of land, and selfgovernment. -Push factors that influenced colonists to leave Europe to come to the Americas included heavy taxes, unemployment, overpopulation, and religious persecution.

Colonial Life -People brought from west Africa as slaves represented many different cultures. To control the slaves, slave owners attempted to strip away the cultural identity of their slaves and sought to replace it with the culture of the plantation or region to which the slave was brought. However, the physical isolation of slaves from their masters led to the creation of a new blended culture rather than the replacement of one culture over another.

Colonial Life -Women in the colonies, and in England, were primarily viewed as inferior to men and possessed few rights. -Education was emphasized differently in the colonial regions. New England Middle Colonies tended to support the establishment of schools within their townships. The Southern Colonies educated their children at home and some wealthy southerners sent their children off for school.

The Great Awakening GREAT AWAKENING -The First Great Awakening was a religious movement and series of revivals that spread from Europe to the colonies throughout the 1730 s. The revival placed an emphasis on individual religious experience (a personal relationship with God) rather than religious experience through church doctrine. Individuals grew to rely more on a personal approach to salvation than church dogma and doctrine through a personal understanding of scriptures.

-The Great Awakening challenged established authorities as the colonists questioned the need to follow not only the Church of England but also the orders of the English monarchy and its authorities. - Although the Enlightenment was really a movement of the intellectual elite, the Great Awakening had stronger appeal across all cross sections of society in each of the thirteen colonies. Ministers such as Jonathan Edwards, William Tennent, and George Whitefield began to urge Christians to adopt a more emotional involvement in Christianity through fervent prayer and personal study of the Bible. The Great Awakening

Government in the New World. Salutary Neglect SALUTARY NEGLECT -The English Crown had limited involvement in local government matters in the colonies as long as the mercantilist demand for resources was being met. This system of salutary neglect continued until after the French and Indian War in 1763, at which time England faced mounting debt and began to seek greater local control over the colonies.

Government in the New World. Salutary Neglect -England’s policy of salutary neglect encouraged colonial self-government. -The House of Burgesses, Mayflower Compact, Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, and town hall meetings were all examples of self-government as a result of salutary neglect.