SSR Log Tuesday 408 Please sit quietly with

SSR + Log Tuesday 4/08 Please sit quietly with your desks cleared and have your pencil/pen ready for SSR

SSR + Log Tuesday 4/08 Please take two minutes to discuss our SSR article with your table mates. When you receive your SSR Meta-cognitive log please read the directions and select and circle five sentence stems to help complete the activity

Bell Work Wednesday 4/09 Look in your book beginning on page 717 and begin reading to find the answers • 1. What were the four factors that contributed to Britain’s Industrialization? • 2. How did the rising population benefit the Industrial Revolution? • 3. What American invention aided in the textile industry?

The Industrial Revolution Chapter 25

Section 1 -The Beginnings of Industrialization

Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain • The Industrial Revolution– The increased output of machine-made goods beginning in England in the mid 1700’s • Enclosures– Large fenced in fields in which landowners experimented with productive seeding and harvesting methods to boost crop harvests

Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain • Seed Drill– Invented by Jethro Tull in 1701 that allowed farmers to plant seeds in wellspaced rows at specific depths. • Crop Rotation– Designed to rotate crops that drained nutrients from the soil (ex. Wheat) with crops that replenish them (ex. Turnips)

Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain • Industrialization- The process of developing the machine production of goods through the use of natural resources. – Natural Resources used for Industrialization • Water and coal power • Iron Ore to construct tools, machines and buildings • Rivers for inland transportation • Harbors for the ships to set sail

Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain • Factors of Production. The resources needed to produce goods and services that the Industrial Revolution required. – Ex. Land, labor and capital (a. k. a wealth)

Improvements in Transportation • Entrepreneur-Someone who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business. • The steam engine was modified by James Watt for increased efficiency. – Ex. Robert Fulton's Clermont was a steam ship that ferried passengers up and down the Hudson River

The Railway Age Begins • The steam powered railroad locomotive was the driving force behind English industry after 1820 • Steam-Driven Locomotives– 1804 Richard Trevithick won several thousand dollars on a bet that he could haul 10 tons of iron ore nearly 10 miles with a steam engine

The Railway Age Begins • The Liverpool-Manchester Railroad– English entrepreneurs wanted a rail line to connect the cities of Liverpool and Manchester. – A contest was held to see which train would run on the line • George Stephenson’s Rocket won by hauling 13 tons at nearly 24 miles per hour

The Railway Age Begins • Railroads Revolutionize Life in Britain– The Four Major Effects of the Locomotive • Materials and finished products were cheap to transport • The new rail lines created thousands of new jobs • Agricultural and fishing industries saw a boost b/c of new transportation opportunities • Travel became easier and people could now live farther from their jobs

Bell Work Thursday 4/10 Look in your book beginning on page 723 and begin reading to find the answers • 1. Why did people flock to cities and towns during the Industrial Revolution? • 2. What social class expanded as a result of industrialization? • 3. What were some of the negative effects of the rapid growth of Manchester?

Bell Work Thursday 4/30 Please answer the following prompt in a complete paragraph: In order to provide for a family often parents/guardians work long hours or sacrifice their personal desires for the good of those they love. Tell me about someone you know/look up to and describe what they do to care for your family. (Make sure to give quality examples) Sentence Stem Ex: I really look up to my ____ because…….

Section 2 -Industrialization

Industrialization Changes Life • Industrialization had positive and negative effects on the lives of Britain’s citizens – Positive Effects • Most peoples quality of life improved • There was a plentiful supply of jobs – Negative Effects • Change to machine production initially caused human suffering • Working conditions were often unhealthy • Rising class tensions

Industrialization Changes Life • Urbanization- The building of new cities and the movement of people to these cities – Between 1800 and 1850 the number of cities with more than 100, 000 inhabitants grew from 22 to 47

Industrialization Changes Life • Living Conditions– Due to the rapid growth of English cities they had several problems • No development plan • No sanitary codes • No building codes – They also lacked adequate • Education • Housing • Police Protection

Industrialization Changes Life • Typical living conditions– People lived in dark, dirty houses, with one family in a room – Diseases like cholera was common due to poor removal of excrement – A British study estimated a life span of factory workers to be 17 years compared to 38 years for those living in rural areas

Industrialization Changes Life • Working Conditions– In order to be a productive as possible companies often had their employees work 14 hour shifts, 6 days a week – Other Issues • Dark and dirty factories • Boilers might explode or limbs could get caught in machines – No workman’s comp if you were injured on the job • Mines were the most dangerous – Miners lived 10 years less than anyone else

Class Tensions Grow • Middle Class-A social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people and wealthy farmers – Middle Class was neither rich nor poor – Upper middle class was made up of: • Gov. employees, doctors, lawyers, and those who managed mines, and shops – Lower middle class was made up of: • Tool makers, mechanical drafters, and printers

Class Tensions Grow • Working Class– Between 1800 and 1850 workers saw little improvement in living and working conditions • Angry that their livelihoods were disappearing due to labor saving machines they began to destroy them out of anger

Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution • Positive Effects of the Revolution– Created new jobs – Contributed to the wealth of the nation – Technological progress was made through new inventions – Production of consumer goods increased – Standard of living was raised

Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution • Long Term Effects– Consumer goods considered luxuries 50 -60 years ago are now affordable for everyone – Profits from industrialization creates tax revenue • These funds allow government to raise the standard of living for city dwellers

Bell Work Monday 5/04 Look in your book beginning on page 729 and begin reading to find the answers • 1. What early industries mechanized in the United States? • 2. Why did Belgium lead Europe in Industrializing? • 3. How did the Industrial Revolution shift the balance of power in the world?

Section 3 -Industrialization Spreads

Industrial Development in the United States • During the War of 1812 the British blockade forced the U. S. to develop their own industry • Luckily the U. S. had the same resources that allowed Britain to industrialize – Fast flowing rivers – Deposits of coal and iron ore – Supply of laborers

Industrial Development in the United States • U. S. industrialization began in the textile industry – Britain wouldn’t let mechanics, tool makers, or engineers leave the country • 1813 -Francis Cabot Lowell and four other investors opened up a factory that mechanized every stage of cloth manufacturing – Young women began to work in these factories earning more money and finding independence

Industrial Development in the United States • Later Industrial Expansion– The U. S. largely agricultural until after the Civil War ended in 1865 • Technological Boom– Light bulb and the telephone met the demands of a booming population

Industrial Development in the United States The Rise of Corporations • Stock- Certain rights of ownership sold to help entrepreneurs open or expands their business • Corporation-A business owned by stock holders who share in it’s profits but are not personally responsible for it’s debts

Continental Europe Industrializes • European businessmen yearned to replicate the “British miracle” of rapidly manufacturing goods • The Napoleonic Wars had halted trade, interrupted communication and caused inflation in Europe • Continental Europe’s industrialization began in Belgium

Continental Europe Industrializes • Germany Industrializes– Germany was politically divided – Economic isolation and scattered resources hampered industrialization – Around 1835 Germany began to copy the Britain by importing British equipment and engineers • They also sent their kids to England to learn industrial management

Impact of Industrialization • The Rise of Global Inequality – Global trade was strengthened but the gap between the industrialized and unindustrialized widened • This led to the increased colonization of smaller countries for natural resources – Due to imperialism European economies were based on industry while Asian and African economies were still based on agriculture

Bell Work Tuesday 4/15 Look in your book beginning on page 734 and begin reading to find the answers • 1. What were Adam Smith’s three natural laws of economics? • 2. What kind of society did early socialists want? • 3. Why did workers join together to form unions?

Section 4 -Reforming the Industrial World

The Philosophies of Industrialization • Laissez-faire-An economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions with out (gov. ) interference – French for “let people do as they please” • Capitalism-An economic system where the factors of production are privately owned and money is invested to make a personal profit

The Philosophies of Industrialization • Adam Smith-Professor at the University of Glasgow (Scotland) wrote the Wealth of Nations in 1776 – His book defended the idea of a free economy, saying “economic liberty guaranteed economic progress”

The Philosophies of Industrialization • Adam Smith’s Three Natural Laws of Economics – The Law of Self-Interest • People work for their own good – The Law of Competition • Competition forces people to make a better product – The Law of Supply and Demand • Maximum amount of goods will be produced at the lowest possible price to meet the needs of the people

The Rise of Socialism • Utilitarianism-The theory that people should judge ideas, institutions, and actions on the basis of their utility and usefulness • Socialism- An economic system where the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all

Marxism: Radical Socialism • Marxism-Radical form of socialism introduced by Karl Marx in a 23 page packet called “The Communist Manifesto” – Felt the Industrial Revolution enriched the wealthy and improvised the poor. • He felt the workers would overthrow the owners • Marx felt communism was the “complete form of socialism”

Labor Unions and Reform Law • Unions- Voluntary labor associations in which workers joined together to press for reforms • Strikes- A collective refusal to work – Workers will usually strike until their demands for the improvement of working conditions or higher wages is met

Labor Unions and Reform Law • Laws that Reformed Working Conditions in England – Factory Act of 1833 • Made it illegal to hire kids under 9 to work in the factory – Kids 9 -12 couldn’t work more than 8 hours a day – Kids 13 -17 couldn’t work more than 12 hours a day – Mines Act 1842 • Women and children could no longer work underground in the mines – Ten Hours Act of 1847 • Limited the work day of women and children in factories to 10 hours

The Reform Movement Spreads • The Abolition of Slavery– The British abolished slavery in 1833 – The American’s abolished slavery 1865 – Puerto Rico abolished slavery 1873 – Brazil abolished slavery 1888