Spongy bone Compact bone 2018 Pearson Education Inc

(b) Flat bone (sternum) (a) Long bone (humerus) (d) Irregular bone (vertebra), right lateral

Articular cartilage Proximal epiphysis Spongy bone Epiphyseal line Periosteum Compact bone Medullary cavity (lined

Osteon (Haversian system) Trabeculae of spongy bone Perforating (Volkmann’s ) canalcontinues Blood vessel into medullary cavity containing marrow Blood vessel Lamellae Compact bone Central (Haversian) canal Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers Periosteum Periosteal blood vessel (a) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 4

Lamella Osteocyte Canaliculus Lacuna Bone matrix Central (Haversian) canal (b) © 2018 Pearson Education,

Osteon Interstitial lamellae Lacuna Central (Haversian) canal (c) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 6

Articular cartilage Hyaline cartilage Spongy bone New center of bone growth New bone forming Epiphyseal plate cartilage Growth in bone width Medullary cavity Bone starting to replace cartilage Invading Growth blood in bone vessels length New bone forming Bone collar Hyaline cartilage model In an embryo © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Epiphyseal plate cartilage In a fetus In a child 7

Bone growth Bone grows in length because: 1 Cartilage grows here. 2 Cartilage is

Bone remodeling Growing shaft is remodeled as: Articular cartilage Epiphyseal plate 1 Bone is resorbed by osteoclasts here. 2 Bone is added (appositional growth) by osteoblasts here. 3 Bone is resorbed by osteoclasts here. © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 9

Hematoma Bony callus of spongy bone External callus New blood vessels Internal callus (fibrous tissue and cartilage) Hematoma forms. 1 © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Healed fracture Spongy bone trabecula Fibrocartilage callus forms. 2 Bony callus forms. 3 Bone remodeling occurs. 4 10

Skull Cranium Facial bones Clavicle Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) Vertebral column Sacrum Scapula Sternum Rib Humerus Vertebra Radius Ulna Carpals Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Patella Tibia Fibula © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. (a) Anterior view Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges 11

Cranium Clavicle Scapula Sternum Rib Humerus Vertebr R a adius Ulna Carpals Bones of pectoral girdle Upper limb Bones of pelvic girdle Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Tibia Lower limb Fibula (b) Posterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 12

Frontal bone of skull Mandible Parietal bone Occipital bone Clavicle Scapula Radius Ulna Humerus

Parietal bone Posterior fontanel Anterior fontanel Sphenoidal fontanel Frontal bone Occipital bone Mastoid fontanel

Frontal bone Anterior fontanel Parietal bone Posterior fontanel (a) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.

Frontal bone Coronal suture Parietal bone Sphenoid bone Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Lambdoid suture Lacrimal bone Squamous suture Nasal bone Occipital bone Zygomatic process Maxilla External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Alveolar processes Styloid process Mandibular ramus © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Mandible (body) Mental foramen 16

Coronal suture Frontal bone Parietal bone Nasal bone Superior orbital fissure Sphenoid bone Optic canal Ethmoid bone Temporal bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Infraorbital foramen Middle nasal concha of ethmoid bone Maxilla Inferior nasal concha Vomer Mandible Alveolar processes Mental foramen Sagittal suture Anterior view Parietal bone Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Mastoid process of temporal bone Posterior view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 17

Greater horn Lesser horn Body © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 18

Anterior 1 st cervical vertebra (atlas) 2 nd cervical vertebra (axis) 1 st thoracic vertebra Transverse process Spinous process Intervertebral disc Posterior Cervical curvature (concave) 7 vertebrae, C 1 – C 7 Thoracic curvature (convex) 12 vertebrae, T 1 – T 12 Intervertebral foramen 1 st lumbar vertebra Lumbar curvature (concave) 5 vertebrae, L 1 – L 5 Sacral curvature (convex) 5 fused vertebrae Coccyx 4 fused vertebrae © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 19

Lamina Posterior Transverse process Spinous process Vertebral arch Superior articular process and facet Pedicle

(a) ATLAS AND AXIS Transverse process Posterior arch Anterior arch Superior view of atlas (C 1) Transverse process Dens Spinous process Facet on superior articular process Body Superior view of axis (C 2) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 21

(b) TYPICAL CERVICAL VERTEBRAE Facet on superior articular process Spinous process Vertebral foramen Transverse foramen Superior view Superior articular process Spinous process Transverse process Body Transverse process Facet on inferior articular process Right lateral view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 22

(c) THORACIC VERTEBRAE Spinous process Transverse process Vertebral foramen Facet for rib Facet on superior articular process Body Superior view Facet on superior articular process Facet on transverse process Body Spinous process Costal facet for rib Right lateral view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 23

(d) LUMBAR VERTEBRAE Spinous process Vertebral foramen Transverse process Facet on superior articular process Body Superior view Body Superior articular process Spinous process Facet on inferior articular process Right lateral view © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 24

Sacral canal Ala Superior Auricular articular surface process Body Sacrum Median sacral crest Posterior

T 1 vertebra Jugular notch Clavicular notch Manubrium Sternal angle Body Xiphisternal joint Xiphoid process True ribs (1– 7) Sternum False ribs (8– 12) (a) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. L 1 Floating vertebra ribs (11, 12) Intercostal spaces Costal cartilage 26

Acromioclavicular joint Clavicle Scapula © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. (a) Articulated right shoulder (pectoral)

Suprascapular notch Coracoid process Superior angle Acromion Glenoid cavity at lateral angle Spine Medial

Acromion Suprascapular notch Superior border Coracoid process Superior angle Glenoid cavity Lateral angle Lateral (axillary) border Medial (vertebral) border Inferior angle (d) Right scapula, anterior aspect © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. 29

Head of humerus Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Anatomical neck Intertubercular sulcus Deltoid tuberosity Radial fossa Medial epicondyle Coronoid fossa Capitulum (a) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Trochlea 30

Head of humerus Anatomical neck Surgical neck Radial groove Deltoid tuberosity Medial epicondyle Lateral

Trochlear notch Olecranon Head Coronoid process Neck Radial tuberosity Proximal radioulnar joint Radius Ulna Interosseous membrane Radial styloid process Distal radioulnar joint (c) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Ulnar styloid process 32

Distal Phalanges (fingers) Middle Proximal Metacarpals (palm) Carpals (wrist) 4 3 2 5 1 Hamate Trapezium Pisiform Trapezoid Triquetrum Scaphoid Lunate Capitate Ulna © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Radius 33

Iliac crest Sacroiliac joint llium Coxal bone (or hip bone) Sacrum Pubis Pelvic brim

Ilium Ala Posterior superior i. Iiac spine Posterior inferior i. Iiac spine Greater sciatic notch Ischial body Iliac crest Anterior superior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Acetabulum Body of pubis Ischial spine Pubis Ischial tuberosity Ischium Ischial ramus (b) © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Inferior pubic ramus Obturator foramen 35

False pelvis Inlet of true pelvis Pelvic brim Pubic arch (less than 90º) False

Surgical neck Head Intertrochanteric line Lateral epicondyle Lesser trochanter Medial epicondyle Patellar surface (a)

Head Lesser trochanter Greater trochanter Intertrochanteric crest Gluteal tuberosity Intercondylar fossa Medial condyle Lateral

Intercondylar eminence Lateral condyle Medial condyle Head Tibial tuberosity Proximal tibiofibular joint Interosseous membrane Anterior border Fibula Tibia Distal tibiofibular joint Lateral malleolus © 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. Medial malleolus (c) 39