sponges 14 min Phylum Porifera sponges 8 761

sponges: 14 min. Phylum: Porifera (sponges) (8, 761 known species) General Description: Simplest animals, multicellular No organs or body systems Skeleton composed of spongin (soft) and spicules (hard) Symmetry: Asymmetrical Feeding: Filter Feeders - Cellular digestion Circulation: Diffusion - No circulatory system Excretion: Diffusion Response: Ganglia (nerve cells) within head attached to nerve cords Movement: Sessile (do not move) Reproduction: Reproduce sexually or asexually (regeneration) Respiration: Diffusion

Phylum: Cnidaria (10, 303 known species) General Description: Primarily a marine organism distinguishing feature is cnidocytes, specialized cells that they use mainly for capturing prey. Symmetry: Most are radial symmetry • some have asymmetry (corals) Feeding: Primarily Predators with use of: Tentacles Cnidocytes (stinging cells) Nematocysts (barbs) Circulation: No circulatory system • all cells are in contact with the water, which contains oxygen and nutrients.

cnidaria: 14 Phylum: Cnidaria cont. Excretion: Waste flows out by diffusion Response: Lack a central nervous system specialized sensory nerve cells to transmit information to the rest of the nervous system Movement: Some muscle movement – but mostly carried by ocean currents Reproduction: Reproduce sexually or asexually Respiration: Diffusion Examples: Jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone, coral, Portuguese man of war

Phylum: Platyhelminthes – Flatworms (29, 285 known species) General Description: Flatworms are soft flat worms with tissues and organ systems. Symmetry: Bilateral Feeding: • Free Living: carnivores that eat tiny aquatic animals. Food passes through mouth into pharynx then into gastrovascular cavity where digestion occurs. • Parasitic: Feed on blood of host, lets host digest food for them.

flatworms: 10 Platyhelminthes – Flatworms Cont. Circulation: Diffusion Excretion: Removed using Flame Cells through tiny pores in the skin Response: Ganglia (nerve cells) within head attached to nerve cords Movement: Cilia & muscle cells Reproduction: Hermaphrodites (both sex organs) Respiration: Diffusion

Platyhelminthes Examples • Turbellarians • Free-living marine or freshwater flatworms includes planaria) • Flukes • Parasitic flatworms that infect internal organs in the host • Pass from one host to the next • Tapeworms • Flat parasitic forms that live within the digestive tracks of their host. • Can grow up to 40 ft. long • Attach with hooks & suckers

Nematoda – Roundworms (24, 773 General Description: Unsegmented worms with pseudocoeloms and digestive systems with a mouth & an anus. Symmetry: Bilateral Feeding: Carnivores or detritovores Circulation: Diffusion Excretion: Diffusion known species)

Nematoda - Roundworms Response: Ganglia (nerve cells) within head attached to nerve cords • Sensory organs that detect chemicals Movement: Muscle cells (length of bodies) contract to move Reproduction: Sexual Reproduction (most have separate males & females) • Internal Fertilization Respiration: Diffusion

Roundworm Examples • Trichinosis-Causing Worms • Cause trichinosis • Live in intestines of host • Invade hosts organs and muscle tissue • Filarial Worms • Line in blood/lymph vessels • Transmitted through biting insects • Cause elephantitis • Ascarid Worms • Cause malnutrition, spread by eating vegetables • Hookworms • Live in soil and hook onto feet of host, burrow into skin and enter bloodstream • Suck hosts blood in lungs and intestines causing weakness

Phylum: Annelida (17, 210 known species) General Description: Segmented worms with a true coelem lined with mesoderm. Symmetry: Bilateral Feeding: • Filter feeders and carnivores • Earth worm: crop (storage) and gizzard (grinds food) Circulation • Closed circulatory system (blood vessels & hearts) • 2 main vessels – dorsal & ventral Excretion • Solid waste through the anus • Fluid waste removed by nephridia (excretory organs)

Annelida Response: • Nervous system – brain and nerve chords • Adaptations: sensory tentacles, chemical receptors and statyoysts (gravity) Movement: 2 major groups of body muscles (alternately contract the 2) • Longitudinal Muscles • Contract to make worm shorter • Circular Muscles • Contract to make worm longer/thinner • Marine annelida have parapodia (paddlelike appendages)

annelida: 13 Phylum: Annelida Reproduction: Sexual Reproduction • External Fertilization • Some are hermaphrodites some have separate sexes • Clitellum forms protective cocoon over fertilized eggs Respiration: • Aquatic – have gills • Nonaquatic – breathe through their skin • Cuticle – keeps skin moist so that respiration can occur

Phylum: Mollusca General Description: Soft bodied animals with an internal or external shell Symmetry: Bilateral • Body Plan • Foot - contains mouth • Mantle – tissue that covers the body like a cloak • Shell – glands in the mantle secrete calcium carbonate to make the shell. • Visceral mass – contains internal organs • Feeding: • Herbivores, carnivores, filter feeders, detritovores, or parasites.

Phylum: Mollusca (117, 350 known species) Circulation • Open or closed circulatory system Excretion • Nephridia (remove ammonia from blood & release outside of the body) Response • Clams/shelled mollusks – simple ganglia • Octupi – complex w/brain

Phylum: Mollusca Movement • Varies • Octupi – uses a siphon to propel themselves forward Reproduction • Sexually – external fertilization or internal fertilization depending on the mollusk. Respiration • Aquatic: Gils • Nonaquatic: diffusion through mantle cavity

mollusca: 15 Mollusca • Gastropods (Snails & Slugs) • Shell-less or single-shelled • Bivalves (Clams, Oysters, Mussels & Scallops) • 2 shells held together by 1 or 2 powerful muscles • Cephalopods (Octopi, Squids and Nautiluses) • Soft bodied with a head attached to a single foot that is divided into tentacles or arms.

Phylum: Arthropoda (1, 214, 294 known species) General Description: • Segmented body, tough exoskeleton & jointed appendages Symmetry: Bilateral Body Plan • Exoskeleton – tough external cover made of chitin • Jointed Appendages – structures that extend from the body such as legs and antennae Feeding: • Herbivores, carnivores & omnivores • Mouthparts vary among species to eat specific foods

Phylum: Arthropoda Circulation • Open circulatory system • Heart pumps blood through arteries that open up into the tissues Excretion • Malpighian Tubules • Saclike organs that extract wastes from the blood then add them to feces Response • Well developed nervous system • All have brains • Most have sensory organs (eyes & taste receptors etc. )

Phylum: Arthropoda Movement • Use muscles controlled by nervous system to flex & extend Reproduction • Terrestrial – internal fertilization • Aquatic – internal or external Respiration • Terrestrial Arthropods • Tracheal Tubes – branching air filled tubes • Spiracles – small opening along the side of the body through which air enters • Spiders - Book Lungs – layers of respiratory tissue • Aquatic Arthropods - Gills

marine arthropods: 10 Arthropoda - Crustaceans • Shell-less or single-shelled • Crabs, crayfish & barnacles

Arthropoda - Chelicerates • • Scorpions Spiders Horseshoe Crab Mites

terrestrial arthropods Arthropoda - Uniramians • • • Grasshopper Centipede Millipede Butterfly Bee

Phylum: Echinoderms (7, 500 + known species) General Description: Have “spiny skins” embedded with interlocking spines and plates of calcium carbonate Symmetry: Begin life as bilateral larvae and develop into spiny-skinned, radial adults Feeding: filter feeders, predators, or scavengers Circulation: open circulatory system with cilia circulating the fluids through each arm.

enchinoderma: 13 Phylum Echinodermata Excretion: No specialized excretory organs Response: Echinoderms can regenerate lost body parts any portion of a sea star with some of the central disc can regrow missing parts Movement: water-vascular system for locomotion Reproduction: Separate sexes with external fertilization Respiration: gas exchange occur by diffusion across the tube feet