Sponge Set up Cornell Notes on pg 39

  • Slides: 45
Download presentation
Sponge: Set up Cornell Notes on pg. 39 Topic: 4. 2 Energy Flow-Pyramids Essential

Sponge: Set up Cornell Notes on pg. 39 Topic: 4. 2 Energy Flow-Pyramids Essential Question: Why are energy transformations never 100% efficient? Explain and give examples. BIOZONE: P. 172 -173 Text: P. 754 -756 4. 2 -C. 2 Energy pyramids Why are energy transformations never 100% efficient? Explain and give examples. Key Vocabulary: Energy Pyramid Gross production Net production

Understanding • Energy released from carbon compounds by respiration is used in living organisms

Understanding • Energy released from carbon compounds by respiration is used in living organisms and converted to heat

Cellular respiration and heat • Inside a grasshopper, chemical energy is used for cellular

Cellular respiration and heat • Inside a grasshopper, chemical energy is used for cellular respiration • Glucose originally produced by the grass is converted into CO² and H₂O • This chemical reaction generates a small amount of heat in each of the g. h. ’s cells • Any heat generated by cellular reparation is lost to the environment

Cellular respiration and heat • If the grasshopper is eaten, some of the chemical

Cellular respiration and heat • If the grasshopper is eaten, some of the chemical energy in its body (protein) is passed on to the next organism • If the grasshopper dies and is not eaten, detritivores and decomposers will use its available energy

Understanding • Living organisms cannot convert heat to other forms of energy

Understanding • Living organisms cannot convert heat to other forms of energy

Heat cannot be recycled • Law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot

Heat cannot be recycled • Law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another Photosynthesis: • Light energy chemical energy Cellular respiration: • Chemical energy ATP Heat (once lost, cannot be used again) • Second law of thermodynamics states that when energy is transferred, a proportion of it is lost as heat energy

Understanding • Heat is lost from ecosystems Guidance: • Understand that there is a

Understanding • Heat is lost from ecosystems Guidance: • Understand that there is a continuous but variable supply of energy in the form of sunlight but that the supply of nutrients in an ecosystem is finite and limited

Heat cannot be recycled • Heat is “lost” from the ecosystem • It will

Heat cannot be recycled • Heat is “lost” from the ecosystem • It will be passed from one tropic level to the next If energy cannot be recycled how come we don’t run out of energy? ? • The sun! • If for some reason the sun stops shining, because it is blocked from Earth by clouds or particles of some sort, then the food chain is affected

Energy Loss • Only chemical energy can be used by the next trophic level

Energy Loss • Only chemical energy can be used by the next trophic level • AND only a small amount of the energy which an organism absorbs is converted into chemical energy • No organism can utilize 100% of the energy present • Typically only 10% of the energy available is used from the previous step in a food chain 90/10 rule

The 10% Rule 1 m 46 s

The 10% Rule 1 m 46 s

Pyramid of Energy • A pyramid of energy is used to show much and

Pyramid of Energy • A pyramid of energy is used to show much and how fast energy flows from one trophic level to the next in a community • Each level in the food chain contains much less energy than the level below it

 • Because energy is lost, each level is always smaller than the one

• Because energy is lost, each level is always smaller than the one before • It would be impossible to have a 3 rd trophic level wider than the 2 nd because organisms cannot create energy, they can only transfer it inefficiently • The energy will eventually flow through decomposers

There also other ways that energy loss occurs

There also other ways that energy loss occurs

Main Reasons for Energy Loss: • Not all of the organism is swallowed as

Main Reasons for Energy Loss: • Not all of the organism is swallowed as a food source (some parts are abandoned) • Not all of the food swallowed can be absorbed and used in the body • Some organisms will die before being eaten by an organism from the next trophic level • There is considerable loss due to cellular respiration at all trophic levels (movement, maintenance of body temp. . ) • Eventually ALL the energy which flows through the ecosystem is lost as metabolic heat!

Skill • Quantitative representations of energy flow using pyramids of energy Guidance: • Pyramids

Skill • Quantitative representations of energy flow using pyramids of energy Guidance: • Pyramids of energy should be drawn to scale and should be stepped, not triangular • Use proper terms: primary consumer, secondary…

P 38 Construct a pyramid of energy In an ecosystem, the producers make 10,

P 38 Construct a pyramid of energy In an ecosystem, the producers make 10, 000 k. J m⁻² yr⁻¹ of energy (assume a 90% loss) • Draw an energy pyramid, TRY TO DRAW TO SCALE • Label all parts (trophic levels, k. J m⁻² yr⁻¹ )

Construct a pyramid of energy • In an ecosystem, the producers make 10, 000

Construct a pyramid of energy • In an ecosystem, the producers make 10, 000 k. J m⁻² yr⁻¹ of energy Tertiary consumers (T 4) Secondary consumers (T 3) Primary consumers (T 2) Primary producers (T 1)

Each level only gains about 5 -20% Quaternary Consumers of energy! Each level loses

Each level only gains about 5 -20% Quaternary Consumers of energy! Each level loses up to 80 -95% as heat! 1 Jk. J m⁻² yr⁻¹ of its energy Add any missing labels

Primary Production • Gross production: the total amount of energy trapped in the organic

Primary Production • Gross production: the total amount of energy trapped in the organic matter produced by plants per area per time in kilojoules (k. J) or the amount of light energy that is converted into chemical energy. • Net production: the gross production minus the energy lost through respiration Gross production – Respiration = Net Production

P 38 • The gross annual primary productivity of a particular swampland ecosystem is

P 38 • The gross annual primary productivity of a particular swampland ecosystem is found to be 25, 000 k. J m⁻² yr⁻¹. If respiration by the swampland producers is 15, 000 k. J m⁻² yr⁻¹ per year, what is the net annual primary productivity for this ecosystem, in k. J m⁻² yr⁻¹ ? GPP-R=NPP GPP= 25, 000 k. J m⁻² yr⁻¹ R=15, 000 k. J m⁻² yr⁻¹ 25, 000 k. J m⁻² yr⁻¹ - 15, 000 k. J m⁻² yr⁻¹ = 10, 000 k. J m⁻² yr⁻¹

Construct an energy pyramid: Classwork 100 Energy lost as detritus 20 Trophic Level 15

Construct an energy pyramid: Classwork 100 Energy lost as detritus 20 Trophic Level 15 Energy passed to the next trophic level 65 Energy lost as metabolic heat

5 300 000 7 000 – 1 700 000=

5 300 000 7 000 – 1 700 000=

340 000 255 000 1 105 000

340 000 255 000 1 105 000

51 000 38 250 165 750

51 000 38 250 165 750

7 650 5 737. 5 24 862. 5

7 650 5 737. 5 24 862. 5

1 147. 5 860. 625 3 729. 375

1 147. 5 860. 625 3 729. 375

7 000 399797. 5 860. 625 5 300 000 1 299 341. 875 ________+______+______=____

7 000 399797. 5 860. 625 5 300 000 1 299 341. 875 ________+______+______=____ Organic waste Decomposers 1 700 000 Metabolic Loss 1 299 341. 875 + 399797. 5 1 699 139. 375 Solar Energy not used Total Energy from sun (k. J) 860. 625 Gross production__________- respiration____________=net production_________

Bottom P 38 Construct an energy pyramid • Using the data from your worksheet

Bottom P 38 Construct an energy pyramid • Using the data from your worksheet please construct a pyramid of energy • Draw an energy pyramid, TRY TO DRAW TO SCALE • Label all parts (trophic levels, k. J m⁻² yr⁻¹ ) • Detritivores/decomposers do not fit into pyramid

Construct an energy pyramid Tertiary Consumers 5737. 5 k. J m⁻² yr⁻¹ Secondary Consumers

Construct an energy pyramid Tertiary Consumers 5737. 5 k. J m⁻² yr⁻¹ Secondary Consumers 38 250 k. J m⁻² yr⁻¹ Primary consumers 255 000 k. J m⁻² yr⁻¹ Primary Producers 1 700 000 k. J m⁻² yr⁻¹

Sponge: Set up Cornell Notes on pg. 41 C. 2 Energy Pyramids and Biomass

Sponge: Set up Cornell Notes on pg. 41 C. 2 Energy Pyramids and Biomass Topic: C. 2 Energy Pyramids and biomass Essential Question: None. BIOZONE: NONE Text: P. 754 -756 Key Vocabulary: Biomass Feed conversion ratio (FCR)

Skill • Comparison of pyramids of energy from different ecosystems

Skill • Comparison of pyramids of energy from different ecosystems

Comparing pyramids of energy • When comparing the energy pyramids of two different ecosystems

Comparing pyramids of energy • When comparing the energy pyramids of two different ecosystems you will notice differences in their efficiency Notice Cedar Bog has no tertiary consumers -the lower productivity of the plants makes it unable to support higher levels

Comparing pyramids of energy

Comparing pyramids of energy

Comparing pyramids of energy • Notice, that organisms at higher and higher trophic levels

Comparing pyramids of energy • Notice, that organisms at higher and higher trophic levels are increasingly more efficient – Carnivores are the most efficient + +

Understandings • The percentage of ingested energy converted to biomass is dependent on the

Understandings • The percentage of ingested energy converted to biomass is dependent on the respiration rate

Biomass: is an estimate of the total (dry) mass of all the organisms within

Biomass: is an estimate of the total (dry) mass of all the organisms within that trophic level • dry weight of an organism measured in g m⁻² yr⁻¹ (Grams per meter squared per year) • we use dry weight, because the actual weight of the organisms includes a large amount of water (which is not organic matter). Water must be removed by drying. Three hundred trout are needed to support one man for a year. The trout, in turn, must consume 90, 000 frogs, that must consume 27 million grasshoppers that live off of 1, 000 tons of grass. -- G. Tyler Miller, Jr. , American Chemist (1971)

Guidance: • Students should be clear that biomass in terrestrial ecosystems diminishes with energy

Guidance: • Students should be clear that biomass in terrestrial ecosystems diminishes with energy along food chains due to loss of CO₂ , H₂O, and other waste products, such as urea

Pyramids of biomass • Pyramids of biomass are similar in shape to pyramids of

Pyramids of biomass • Pyramids of biomass are similar in shape to pyramids of energy • The higher trophic levels have a lower total biomass per unit area of an ecosystem • Like energy, biomass is lost during respiration at each level • Glucose is broken down for energy and converted into CO² and H₂O • CO² and H₂O are excreted and the biomass of glucose is lost

Application • Conversion ratio in sustainable food production practices

Application • Conversion ratio in sustainable food production practices

Sustainable food production • The feed conversion ratio (FCR) is a measure of the

Sustainable food production • The feed conversion ratio (FCR) is a measure of the efficiency of an animal’s ability to convert feed mass into increased body mass (or the desired output) – Shows us how much energy is being lost during the transfer from plants to animals – The “output” is what we want from our animal • Dairy cow milk • Cow/chicken/pig/fish meat – The lower the FCR, the more energy that is being conserved or gained

Sustainable food production FCR= mass of food eaten body mass gain Ex: 8 kg

Sustainable food production FCR= mass of food eaten body mass gain Ex: 8 kg food =8 1 kg of weight gain

Sustainable food production • Animals with low FCR can be seen to be efficient

Sustainable food production • Animals with low FCR can be seen to be efficient users of food

Sustainable food production • Fish farmers are trying to lower the FCR to 1

Sustainable food production • Fish farmers are trying to lower the FCR to 1 – the amount of feed would equal the “fish mass” gained 1: 1 – Therefore nothing would be lost and everything is gained • Tegel Poultry of New Zealand have reported FCR as low as 1. 38 on a consistent basis

Crash Course: Ecosystem Video (start 4 m-9 m) • Take 10 -15 bullets P.

Crash Course: Ecosystem Video (start 4 m-9 m) • Take 10 -15 bullets P. 40 https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=v 6 ubv. EJ 3 KGM

BIOZONES • 160 -175 have been assigned as of 9/25/15

BIOZONES • 160 -175 have been assigned as of 9/25/15