Speech Summary Inspiration Inspiration Diaphrag m down External

Speech Summary

Inspiration

Inspiration Diaphrag m: down External Intercostal s: ribs up and out Abdominal Muscles: down and out

How do we breathe? Boyle’s Law: PV = constant • P = pressure • V = volume Air moves from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure http: //sciencesquad. questacon. edu. au/activities/model_lung. h

Upper Airway http: //www. easyrent. tj/001_lib/002_anatomy_3 d/3 d_models/human_anatomy/male_systems/Male_Respiratory_3. php

Respiratory Passage http: //academic. kellogg. edu/herbrandsonc/bio 201_mckinley/Respiratory%20 System. htm

Trachea http: //www. naturalhealthschool. com/bronchi_trachea. html

Lung Volume Hixon, T. J. , et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics, and Percept

• Phonation threshold pressure (PTP): smallest subglottal pressure needed to start self-sustained oscillation • For low frequency phonation, PTP is around 3 -4 cm H 20

Nonuniform tissue movement: Multimass models • Upper and lower parts of the vocal folds do not move as one • The lower part of the vocal folds moves first, followed by the upper part • Convergent: lower further apart than upper • Divergent: upper further apart than lower Titze, I. R. (2000). Principles of Voice Production.

Innervation • Vagus (CN X) • Superior laryngeal nerve: • Cricothyroid (CT) • Recurrent laryngeal nerve: • Thyroarytenoid (TA) • Posterior Cricoarytenoid (PCA) • Lateral Cricoarytenoids (LCA) • Interarytenoids (IA) Blumenfeld, H. , 2002, Neuroanatomy through Clinical Cases, Sinauer, Inc.

ABduction & ADduction • PCA: • Rocks arytenoids away from midline • ABducts the vocal folds • LCA: • Rocks arytenoids toward midline • ADducts the vocal folds Hixon, T. J. , et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy Physiology Acoustics Percept

Interarytenoids • Transverse: • Pulls arytenoids toward each other • ADducts the vocal folds • Oblique: • Tips one arytenoid (apex) toward the other (body) • ADducts the vocal folds Hixon, T. J. , et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy Physiology Acoustics Percept

TA and CT: Activation Patterns • CT active and TA passive = increase pitch • Increase length • Increase stiffness • TA active and CT passive = decrease pitch • Decrease length • Decrease stiffness • TA and CT contract simultaneously = increase pitch • Increase stiffness

Mouth Transmitted Impedance Pharynx Reflected Glottis Incident

Vocal Tract: Single Tube • Vocal tracts have more than one resonance (formant) • The following equation is used to find the frequency of a specific formant: Fn = (2 n-1)(c/4 L) F = formant number L = vocal tract length

Basics of Resonance Source-Filter Theory of Voice Production Source = vocal folds (glottis) Filter = vocal tract (pharynx/oral cavity) “Whereas the glottis produces a sound of many frequencies, the vocal tract selects (filters) a subset of these frequencies for radiation from the mouth. ” Note: This theory states that the vocal folds produce the fundamental frequency (pitch)- the vocal tract does Quote from: Titze, I. R. (2000). Principles of Voice Production.

Formants • As the vocal tract lengthens, the formant frequencies decrease • Shortening leads to an increase in formant frequencies • Some ways you can influence vocal tract length: • Lengthening: lowering larynx and/or lip rounding • Shortening: raising larynx and/or lip retracting • Your book states that the larynx can be raised or

Resonance • Titze 163 Titze, I. R. (2000). Principles of Voice Production.

Tongue Hixon, T. J. , et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics,

Hypoglossal (CN XII) • MOTOR ONLY • Tongue http: //medical-dictionary. thefreedictionary. com/CN+X

Soft Palate • When the soft palate is lowered (Tensor veli palatini, Palatoglossus), air enters the nose • Resonance between 300 -500 Hz Zemlin, pg 264.

Vagus (CN X) • Pharyngeal • Pharynx • Soft palate • Gag • Superior laryngeal • Pharyngeal constrictor • Larynx • Recurrent laryngeal • Larynx Blumenfeld, H. , 2002, Neuroanatomy through Clinical Cases, Sinauer, Inc.

Mandible: Lowering • Digastricus • Mylohyoid • Geniohyoid • Connect jaw and hyoid • Contraction: raise hyoid, depress jaw

Teeth Zemlin, pg 240.

Hixon, T. J. , et al. (2008). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics,

Facial (CN VII) Buccal Zygomatic Mandibular Temporal Cervical • Facial Expression • Forehead: Temporal • Blink: Zygomatic • Nose: Buccal • Lips: Buccal • Jaw: Mandibular & Cervical http: //www. riversideonline. com/health_reference/Nervous-