Spatial analytics for the evaluation and enhancement of

Spatial analytics for the evaluation and enhancement of public street lighting service 用于评估和加强公共街道照明服务的空间分析 2018 X. Feng, A. Murray. “Spatial analytics for enhancing street light coverage of public spaces. ” LEUKOS, 14(1): 13 -23. 2016 A. Murray, X. Feng. “Public street lighting service standard assessment and achievement. ” Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 53: 14 -22. XIN FENG ALAN T. MURRAY

Newspapers 报道 Many cities and communities in the world: 世界上的许多城市和社区： • Detroit, Colorado Springs, Santa Rosa, Rockford, etc. • Surrey, Essex, Northamptonshire, etc. 底特律，科罗拉多斯普林斯，圣罗莎， 罗克福德等 萨里，埃塞克斯，北安普敦郡等

Lighting is important! 照明很重要 ØHuman’s activities in the dark night 人们在黑暗中活动 ØImprove light = add more lights = increase illuminance 提高亮度=增加更多灯=增加照明 ØIncrease safety and security 提高安全 ØReduce crime and fear of crime 减少犯罪和以及对犯罪感到恐惧 üImprove visibility 提高能见度 üImprove community 提升社区

The negative effects are also indisputable! Ø Energy consumption 负面影响也很有争议 能源消耗 ü Artificial lighting consumes 19% of total global electricity 人 照明占全球总电力的19％ Ø Serious consequence for even entire ecosystems 整个生态系统的严重影响 ü Humans: • Disruption of the circadian rhythms associated with cancer 破坏昼夜节律会诱发癌症 ü Animals: 动物： • Death of migratory birds 候鸟死亡 ü Environment: 环境： • Potential pollution of air, land, and water 空气，土地和水的潜在污染 人类：

How to balance between benefit and negative 如何在利益和负面影响之间取得平衡？ impact? Ø Improve energy efficiency 提高能源效率 提高空间效率 Ø Enhance spatial efficiency ü Describe street light coverage (spacing standards/guidelines of street lights) ü Evaluate existing lighting system 描述路灯覆盖范围（间隔标准/路灯指南） ü Build new configuration of street lights 评估现有的照明系统 建立新的路灯配置

Questions ü How efficient is the current lighting system in terms of providing coverage to public spaces? ü How can standards and guidelines be met? ü Are there more efficient ways? 在为公共场所提供覆盖方面，目前的照明系统效率如何？ 如何满足标准和指南？ 有更有效的方法吗？

Describe street light coverage 描述路灯覆盖范围 规范公共街道照明的标准/指南 Ø Standards/guidelines to regulate public street lighting ü Lights at intersections 交叉路口的灯光 ü Minimal intervals of lights on the streets. 街道上最少的灯光间隔 ØThe City of San Diego (2015) authorizes: 圣地亚哥市（2015年）授权： üStreet lighting at intersections 交叉路口的街道照明 üStreet lighting at intervals not to exceed 300 ft. 街道照明间隔不超过300英尺 ØSeattle City Light (2009) suggests：西雅图城市灯光（2009）建议： üTypical light pole spacing should be approximately 150 feet 典型的灯杆间距应约为 150英尺

RS Real time image of nighttime light 夜间灯光实时图像 Light GPS Interaction Location of existing street lights Residents’ preference and suggestions 灯光的特性 居民的偏好和建议 现存路灯的位置 GIS Optimization • Digital data creation Characteristics of lighting related data Spatial Statistics • Model formulation • Data integration and management • Linear regression model • Exact solution • Analysis and assessment • Spatial lag/error model • Performance examination • Visualization • Interpolation • 模型制定 • 精确的解决方案 • 成果考核 • 数据创建 • 数据集成和管理 • 分析和评估 • 可视化 Decision Making • Guidelines/Standards of facilities • Decision making and policy management • 设施指南/标准 • 决策和政策管理 Fig. 1 Framework for the analysis of street lighting. • 线性回归模型 • 空间滞后/错误模型 • 插值

LSCP (public spaces fully covered by lights) 公共空间完全被灯光覆盖

MCLP (Maximizing light coverage of public 最大化公共空间的光线覆盖范围 spaces)

Potential street light location Street segment Segment service area Potential locations for serving street segments/intersection contained in an area.

Study Area 研究区域 Several streets of a neighborhood in San Diego (1 km 2)

Current street light coverage of public spaces 目前公共场所的路灯覆盖范围

Adding lights based on existing system to ensure fully coverage 基于现有系统添加灯光以确保完全覆盖 104 existing lights 92 additional lights Total : 196

Rearranged configuration 重新排列配置 0 existing lights 163 additional lights Total : 163 Reduction: 17%

Ratio of coverage Efficient Curve 高效的曲线 1 0, 9 0, 8 0, 7 0, 6 0, 5 75 85 95 105 115 Re-evaluated system 125 135 Existing system 145 155 165 The number of street lights

Maximizing street light coverage Existing lighting system Light number: 104 Coverage: 69% 最大化路灯覆盖范围 Rearranged lighting system Light number: 104 Coverage: 76%

Conclusion 结论 Light placement can be viewed as a spatial optimization problem where both benefits and impacts can be taken into account. 光线放置可被视为空间优化问题，益处和影响都需要被考虑。 GIS and spatial optimization are brought to bear on decision making and policy associated with public lighting. 地理信息系统和空间优化被用于与决定公共照明以及相关政策。

Thank you! Contact Information: Xin Feng xin. feng@geog. ucsb. edu

A bounding-based solution approach 基于边界的解决方案方法 Low Bound Upper Bound

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