Spanish Missions in Texas How Spain Colonized Texas

Spanish Missions in Texas How Spain Colonized Texas

Brief History 1492 – Columbus came to America Spaniards came to explore American mainland 1500 s – Spanish explorers Cabeza de Vaca and Coronado reinforced their claim to Texas Friars were establishing missions 1682 – La Salle led first the European expedition to navigate the Mississippi River and Gulf of Mexico Claimed the entire region surrounding the Mississippi for France/France had a claim to Texas

Section 1: Spanish Settlements on the Frontier Main Ideas • Spanish officials promoted the building of missions, presidios, towns, and ranches in the borderlands. • The Spanish established missions along the western Rio Grande during the 1680 s. Question: How did Spanish officials try to control the borderlands of New Spain?

What Does Colonization Mean? Missions had several purposes Convert the Natives to the Catholic faith Teach the natives to be subjects of Spain (loyal to the government)

MAJOR GOAL OF MISSIONS Spaniards feared a French Texas Decided it was time to settle Texas Renewed efforts to establish missions and settlement The major goal of missions was to help Spain colonize and eventually become the greatest nation in the world.

Major Players *Martin de Alarcón – established San Antonio de Valero – one of the most important missions in Texas *Francisco Hidalgo – tireless advocate for missions and Indians; attempted to reestablish missions in East Texas

What Was a Spanish Missions were the main tool for colonizing Texas. Most missions were a square compound with enclosed walls to protect those inside. Run by a priest. Often had lookout towers.

Purpose Missions were expected to: Be self supporting (grow, make its own stuff) Make a profit$$$ for Spain Produce goods for export ( beads, artwork)

To control the borderlands Mission-Presidio System Goal Teach Indians about Catholicism and Spanish way of life Create Spanish presence in the Americas Protect Spanish citizens at missions and ranches Four types of Spanish settlements missions, presidios, towns, ranchos

Vocabulary Where do the following vocabulary terms belong? Write a sentence defending your answer. MISSION VAQUERO CATHOLIC CATTLE PRESIDIO PRIEST FRANSICAN SOLDIER CONVERT FRIAR Spanish Colonization Mission Presidio Town Ranch

Life in Spanish Texas Main Ideas • Mission life was structured around prayer and work. • The life of a presidio soldier could be harsh. • Life in Spanish settlements reflected the influence of Spanish culture, which is still felt in Texas today. Question: In what ways has Spanish culture influenced present-day Texas?

Daily Life In the Missions Morning Prayers 30 -60 minutes of Catholic school Worked in the field or workshops After evening meal, more prayers More Catholic school

Tough Going Missions were not all that successful. Mission population shrank. Natives ran away because they disliked mission life. It cost the Spanish government $$$ to keep these missions going.

Catholic heritage and missions routes of first Texas roads many Spanish place names Examples of Spanish Influence in Texas culture (architecture, art, food, language, music) legal traditions cattle ranching traditions and terms

Some Success, though… Some missions did thrive (do well) and eventually became major cities. El Paso San Antonio Many East Texas missions were named after Native Texan tribes

Consequences Missions brought civilization and religion to Texas. New diseases also came with the missionaries and colonists. The Native Texans had no immunities to these diseases, so many died of influenza and other simple illnesses.

Presidios Provided military support for the missions, and later, settlements. It protected missionaries and colonists from attacks by Native Americans.

Mission Corpus Christi de la Ysleta Established in 1682 by Spanish friars Located a few miles east of the present-day El Paso Texas’ oldest mission All that remains is the restored mission church Has changed names several times making it difficult to keep up with

Mission Corpus Christi de la Ysleta

Section 2: The French Challenge Main Ideas • The French under La Salle established a settlement on the Texas coast, but it failed. • The French presence in Texas led the Spanish to create new missions in the region. Question: What effect did the La Salle expedition have on Spanish policy?

La Salle Expedition The Spanish learn of the expedition and begin searching for it. De León and Father Massanet find two French survivors. De León and Massanet find the remains of Fort St. Louis and meet the Tejas. New Spanish Policy: establish missions in East Texas to convert the Tejas and protect the region from the French

Search for La. Salle by the Spanish • Alonso De. Leon-Spanish Governor-General sent to find La. Salle’s colony • Father Damián Massanet accompanied de Leon to convert Native Americans • Along travels met Hasinais or as Spanish called them Tejas • Massanet believed the Tejas were interested in establishing a mission • They return in 1690 with friars and 100 soldiers and established the Mission San Francisco de los Tejas

Failed mission Deleon and Massanet return to Mexico City In 1691, Massanet and a new governor Domingo Teran de los Rios, first appointed governor of Spanish Texas Tension arise between the two men, pitting missionaries against the soldiers due to drought, crop failures and disease Tejas blame the Spanish as a result, the Spanish burn the mission and flee back to Mexico City

Franciscan Father Francisco Hildalgo Founded Mission San Juan Batista (Rio Grande), wrote letter to Governor of Louisiana (French) to help build missions French explorer Louis Juchereau de St. Denis sent to find Father Hildalgo St. Denis found trading post in Natchitoches, Lousiana (1714) St. Denis finds Hildalgo, but is arrested by Presidio Commander Diego Ramon, lives with them, until sent south to Mexico City.

Mission San Juan Originally founded in 1716 in Eastern Texas Transferred in 1731 to its present location Helped support San Antonio missions and local settlements By the mid 1700 s, it was a regional supplier of agricultural produce

Mission San Juan Bautista

Mission San José Founded in 1720 Reached its peak in 1794 with 350 Indians Completely closed as a mission in 1824 The state’s largest restored mission compound and has the most ornate church façade Still a parish church

Section 3: The Spanish Return to Texas Main Ideas • In response to a perceived threat from the French, the Spanish resettled in East Texas in the early 1700 s. • The Spanish built several missions, a presidio, and the region's first civil settlement near what is now San Antonio. Question: What settlements did the Spanish establish in the San Antonio River area?

Domingo Ramon June 1716, brought more soldiers, priests, civilians to include women into East Texas Built Nuestro Padre San Francisco de los Tejas *Antonio Margil de Jesus – established more missions (Nacogdoches, Texas)considered one of the founders of Texas and San Miguel de los Adades (Louisiana) Ramon built a presidio on the Neches River Tejas supported missions, they were not interested in converting to Catholicism

Martín de Alarcón Governor of Spanish Texas builds a mission on the San Antonio River in 1718, Mission San Antonio de Valero Winters were mild and summers were hot, but not very humid, cotton wood trees dotted most of the land Antonio Margil de Jesus establishes San Jose y San Miguel de Aguayo becoming the most profitable mission in Texas, by 1781, a sugar mill was built. Ultimately, many Coahuiltecan lived there and large rancho’s of cattle 15 Canary Islands families move to the presidio, town named San Fernando de Bexar; first civil government rule The entire area is renamed San Antonio de Bexar or San Antonio

San Antonio de Béxar Settlement Type Year Founder(s) San Antonio de Valero mission 1718 Martín de Alarcón San Antonio de Béxar presidio 1718 Martín de Alarcón San José y San Miguel de Aguayo mission 1720 Antonio Margil de Jesús civil settlement 1731 Canary Islander families San Fernando de Béxar

Section 4: The Expansion of Spanish Settlement Main Ideas • The Aguayo expedition reopened missions in East Texas. • Jose de Escando n helped settle the Rio Grande valley. • Missions in Central Texas were attacked by the Apache. Question: How did the Spanish reestablish control of Texas after the departure of the French?

Conflict between France and Spain The Spanish abandon East Texas. The Spanish return to Texas. • • Aguayo expedition José de. Expedition Escandón Aguayo Central Texas missions Effects founded missions and presidios strengthened Spanish control • • built settlements along Rio Grande secured Gulf Coast area • • missions failed to convert Apaches missions attacked by hostile Indians

Chicken Wars June 1719, French soldiers surprise 2 Spaniards near a mission what is not Robeline, Louisiana French took supplies to include several chickens from the mission’s henhouse The French officer tied them to his horse, but the horse was frightened and the rider was thrown The confusion allowed one of the Spaniards to escape and warn of the incident, this became known as the Chicken War The raid causes the Spanish to fortify the region and retake the area

The Aguayo Expedition Marques de San Miguel de Aguayo, governor of Coahuila and Texas in 1721, reclaimed the lost missions and rebuilt them Nuestra Senora del Pilar de los Adades would serve as capital of Texas The other was Nuesra Denora de Loreto de la Bahia del Espiritu Santo or La Bahia The Expedition secured East Texas for the Spanish and end French claims to Texas.

New Settlements in Rio Grande Long stretches of the Gulf Coast inhabitated by Native Americans and was open for France/England to claim this area. Spain again was concerned. 1746 Jose de Escandon established a colony in La Bahia Ranching industry grew in this area along the San Antonio River Missionaries improved relationship with Karankawa Escandon founded 24 settlements in South Texas and 15 missions. More than 6000 people lived in these colonies compared to all the 1800 that lived in rest of Texas

Presidio La Bahía (Golidad, TX) Fort dates back to 1749 La Bahía’s job to protect Mission Espíritu Santo Site of many skirmishes during the Mexican and Texan revolutions Karankawa Indians not hospitable Moved to the Guadalupe River Goliad

Presidio La Bahía

Mission Espíritu Santo Founded originally in 1722 on the Texas coast Where Texas cattle business had its rudimentary beginnings Karankawa Indians proved “cantankerous” Moved in 1726 to the Guadalupe River Closed in 1830 Situated in the middle of the Goliad State Historical Park

Mission Espíritu Santo

Clashes on the Frontier San Saba 1757 built by Franciscan with a presidio to guard it Little success was made to convert the Apaches, but they did live at the mission Comanche, Tonkawa, Caddo numbering 2000 warriors attacked the Apaches and the mission in 1758 Burned the mission and killed the preists This ended Spanish attempts to spread into Central Texas

Chapter Wrap-Up • How did the Spanish attempt to change American Indian culture? • How did San Antonio’s climate and location help the settlement become successful? • Why did the Spanish first leave and then return to Texas?

Resources Information Anderson, Adrian N. et al. Texas and Texans. Columbus: Glencoe/Mc. Graw Hill, 1993. Foster, Nancy Haston. The Texas Monthly Guidebooks: Texas Missions, Houston: Gulf Publishing Company, 1995, 150 pgs. http: //www. nps. gov/saan/ http: //hotx. com/missions/history. html http: //www. lsjunction. com/facts/missions. htm http: //www. tsha. utexas. edu/handbook/online/articles/SS/its 2. html