Space Force We are now transitioning from an

Space Force We are now transitioning from an air force into an air and space force on an evolutionary path to a space and air force. — from Global Engagement: A Vision for the 21 st Century Air Force http: //www. xp. hq. af. mil/xpx/21/global. pdf C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe. vt. edu

A Brief History of Orbital Mechanics Aristotle (384 -322 BC) Ptolemy (87 -150 AD) Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 -1543) Tycho Brahe (1546 -1601) Johannes Kepler (1571 -1630) Galileo Galilei (1564 -1642) Sir Isaac Newton (1643 -1727) C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe. vt. edu

Modern Historical Highlights • • • 1903 1912 1914 -1918 1926 1939 -1945 1946 • • • 1947 1958 1960 1962 1967 1969 1972 1974 1982 Wright Flyer Goddard’s “A Method of Obtaining Extreme Altitudes” WWI – Airpower plays important but limited role Goddard’s first liquid rocket flight WWII – Airpower plays substantial role Rand report “Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-Circling Spaceship” AF, CIA, and UN formed IGY, NORAD formed, Sputnik launched by Soviets Explorer I launched by US National Reconnaissance Office formed, Corona program J. F. Kennedy’s “Moon” speech launched the Space Race Outer Space Treaty Apollo 11 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty Registration Convention Space Command formed C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe. vt. edu

Evolution of Space Power “Whoever has the ability to control space will…control the surface of the earth. ” — General Thomas D. White, AF Chief of Staff, 1957 “Space power will be as decisive in future combat as airpower is today. ” —The Honorable E. C. Aldridge, Jr. , Secretary of the Air Force, 1988 “Desert Storm. . . was a watershed event in military space applications because for the first time, space systems were both integral to the conflict and critical to the outcome of the war. ” — General Thomas S. Moorman, Jr. , AF Vice Chief Staff, 1992 “Today, the ultimate high ground is space. ” — General Joseph W. Ashy, Commander USSPC, 1995 “I'm not in full agreement with the choice of titles for this symposium and I'd like to request the next time we meet, we give strong consideration to changing it. ” — General Howell M. Estes, III, Commander USSPC, speaking at the 1997 Air Power Symposium “But when we do achieve the move to that frontier, it will not be Capt. Jean Luc Picard in command, it will be Col. Jean Luc Picard” C. Hall, Randolph 228 — General Michael E. Ryan, AF Chief of Staff, speaking at the 1997 AFA Symposium chall@aoe. vt. edu

Why Military Space? • “We are committed to keeping free and open access to space for keeping the peace and in support of natural security. ” — President Clinton’s National Space Policy • Currently, the United States alone has over 220 active commercial, civil, and military satellites on orbit worth in excess of $100 B. • DOD spends more than $35 M/day on space programs • By 2003, $16 B in GPS-based revenue alone • By 2005, $1. 2 T in global telecomm revenue • Failure of Galaxy IV (just one satellite) disrupted the daily lives of millions of people C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe. vt. edu

Military Space Applications • • • Communications Navigation Mapping Meteorology Intelligence C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe. vt. edu • • • Launch ASAT Tracking Missile Warning Missile Defense

Military Space Organizations • U. S. Space Command ® A. F. , Army, and Naval Space Commands • National Reconnaissance Office • Research: AFRL, NRL, ARO • Acquisition ® Ballistic Missile Defense Organization ® Space & Missile Center (Air Force) ® Army Space and Strategic Defense Command ® Navy Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command ® Missile Defense and Space Technology Center (Army) C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe. vt. edu

US Space Organization Relationships Congress President NASA DOI DOC USGS Do. D NRO NIMA JCS AIR FORCE NAVY NSA NOAA ARMY USSPACECOM AFSPACE 14 AF CIA NAVSPACE USASMDC USARSPACE Any Questions? C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe. vt. edu ASPO

Air Force Space Facts • AF Space Commander wears three hats: AFSPC, USSPC, and NORAD • Former Chief Scientist is a Space Engineer from MIT: Dr. Daniel Hastings, Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics • Air Force gets ~95% of Do. D Space Budget • There aren’t many space pictures on the Air Force Homepage C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe. vt. edu

Air Force Space Budget • Do. D Space Budget is ~$15 B • NASA Space Budget is ~$13 B • Some estimates put total military space at closer to $30 B ® includes funding for CIA and some NASA programs • AFSPC budget went from $158 M in 1983 to $2. 735 B in 1994 • Space-Based Infrared System (SBIRS) budget is $589. 6 M in 1998, $3. 872 B in 2000– 2003 C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe. vt. edu

Air Force Space Command Locations in CONUS C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe. vt. edu

Silk Purse Airborne Command Post EC-135 communicated with Strategic Air Command through five European ground stations. C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe. vt. edu

Onizuka AFB, Sunnyvale, CA The FAS has a variety of imagery of military space facilities. This one is supposed to have 4 -meter resolution. C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe. vt. edu

Onizuka AFB, Sunnyvale, CA This image of Onizuka shows the “Blue Cube, ” with supposed 1 -meter resolution. I was the integrator for Mission Control Center VII. C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe. vt. edu

The Blue Cube at Onizuka AFB C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe. vt. edu

Here you can see the “Cube”, the annexes, several of the dishes, and the very small parking lot. C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe. vt. edu

Space Surveillance • Detecting, tracking, cataloging and identifying objects orbiting Earth ® active and inactive satellites, spent rocket bodies, debris • Predict space object reentry to prevent false alarms • Chart the present position of space objects and plot orbital paths • Detect new objects in space and determine country of origin • Inform NASA whether objects may interfere with space shuttle's orbit • The Space Control Center tracks about 8, 000 + artificial objects, softball-size and larger, orbiting Earth. About seven percent of these objects are operational satellites, 15 percent are rocket bodies, and the remainder are fragmentation and inactive satellites. C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe. vt. edu

Army’s KE-ASat • Kinetic Energy Anti-Satellite System • Boeing is prime contractor • $205 M from FY 96 -FY 99 • By 2000, there will be 10 KEASATs ready for use • Other ASAT programs, here and abroad C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe. vt. edu

National Reconnaissance Office “Responsible for … engineering, development and acquisition, and operation of space reconnaissance systems and related intelligence activities” • Headed by Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Space (Keith Hall) • Joint AF-CIA office formed in 1960 -1961 • Declassified in September 1992 • WWW-site: http: //www. nro. odci. gov/ C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe. vt. edu

C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe. vt. edu

NRO’s Corona • • 28 February 1959 12 August 1960 18 August 1960 25 May 1972 31 May 1972 24 February 1995 24 May 1995 • Historic "Firsts” ® ® ® # 1 CORONA test launch attempt #13 1 st successful recovery from space #14 Took 1 st image from space #145, last CORONA, launched Last images of the series taken Executive Order declassifying CORONA Ceremonies at Central Intelligence Agency and National Air & Space Museum 1 st photo reconnaissance satellite in the world 1 st mid-air recovery of a vehicle returning from space 1 st mapping of earth from space 1 st stereo-optical data from space 1 st multiple reentry vehicles from space ® 1 st reconnaissance program to fly 100 missions C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe. vt. edu

Corona System Components Imaging resolution originally 8 meters improved to 2 meters Individual images covered approximately 10 miles by 120 miles Operated nearly 12 yrs Over 800, 000 images taken from space 2. 1 million feet of film in 39, 000 cans C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe. vt. edu

C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe. vt. edu

Gulf War and Space (a quiz) • • Desert Storm was The “First Space War” What military space systems were involved? What ground systems were used with them? What specific applications of military space systems can be identified? What limitations were identified in using space? What non-space systems were available for use in this conflict and how were terrestrial or airborne systems integrated with space systems? What systems provided similar capabilities for the Iraqis? What contributions did these military space systems make? C. Hall, Randolph 228 chall@aoe. vt. edu