SPACE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS OVERVIEW OBJECTIVES BASIC PRINCIPLES MILITARY

SPACE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS

OVERVIEW • OBJECTIVES • • • BASIC PRINCIPLES MILITARY SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS COMMERCIAL SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS WARFIGHTER APPLICATIONS THE WAY AHEAD

OBJECTIVES • UNDERSTAND BASIC CONCEPTS, PRINCIPLES AND ADVANTAGES OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS • UNDERSTAND SYSTEM CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS FOR DOD, CIVIL, AND COMMERCIAL SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS • UNDERSTAND POTENTIAL SUPPORT APPLICATIONS FOR MILITARY OPERATIONS

OVERVIEW • OBJECTIVES • BASIC PRINCIPLES • • MILITARY SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS COMMERCIAL SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS WARFIGHTER APPLICATIONS THE WAY AHEAD

BASIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM SPACE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM APPLICATIONS • COMPONENTS • USER/TRANSMITTER SEGMENT • TRANSMISSION MEDIUM • USER/RECEIVER SEGMENT • RELAY OR TRANSMISSION OF INFORMATION • • TEXT VOICE VIDEO DATA

BASIC COMMUNICATION SYSTEM SPACE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM POINT A POINT B

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM LINKS SIMPLEX (one way only) POINT B POINT A HALF DUPLEX (one way or the other) POINT A POINT B FULL DUPLEX (both ways simultaneously) POINT A POINT B

GEO-SYNCHRONOUS • • MOST COMMON ORBIT: LOW INCLINATION ALTITUDE: APPROXIMATELY 23, 0000 NM LIFE SPAN: MEASURED IN YEARS MAJOR EFFECT ON LIFE SPAN: CONSUMABLES AND SYSTEM DEGRADATION • PERIOD: USUALLY 24 HOURS

GEO-SYNCHRONOUS ORBIT THREE SATELLITES IN NEAR-EQUATORIAL ORBITS CAN PROVIDE CONTINUOUS GLOBAL COVERAGE. . . EXCEPT FOR THE POLES GEO-SYNCHRONOUS SATCOM

HIGHLY INCLINED, ELLIPTICAL • • • MOST COMMON ORBIT: NEAR POLAR ALTITUDE: 200 TO 10000 NM LIFE SPAN: 1 YEAR OR LONGER MAJOR EFFECT OF LIFE SPAN: CONSUMABLES PERIOD: 90 MIN TO 11 HRS

HIGHLY INCLINED, ELLIPTICAL ORBITS COVER THE POLES, BUT. . . DO NOT PROVIDE CONTINUOUS GLOBAL COVERAGE HIGHLY ELLIPTICAL ORBITS

NEAR-EARTH • • • MOST COMMON ORBIT: NEAR POLAR ALTITUDE: 100 - 200 NM LIFETIME: LESS THAN 1 YEAR MAJOR EFFECT ON LIFESPAN: ATMOSPHERIC DRAG PERIOD: 90 MIN

NEAR-EARTH ORBIT NEAR-EARTH SATCOM SYSTEMS USE MANY SMALL, CHEAP SATELLITES TO PROVIDE WIDE AREA COVERAGE NEAR-EARTH ORBITS

SATCOM VS TERRESTRIAL COMM GENERAL ADVANTAGES • LINE OF SIGHT NOT REQUIRED BETWEEN USERS • COMMUNICATION COST & QUALITY LESS SENSITIVE TO DISTANCE AND TERRAIN EFFECTS • MOBILE COMM LINKS BEYOND LINE OF SIGHT • DIRECT COMMUNICATIONS TO REMOTE AREAS, NO NEED FOR INTERMEDIATE GROUND RELAYS • WIDE AREA OR FOCUSED BROADCAST OPTIONS • LARGE CAPACITY FOR MESSAGE TRAFFIC • MINIMUM RESTRAINT ON USERS

COMSAT ADVANTAGES TERRESTRIAL COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS

SATCOM VS TERRESTRIAL COMM MILITARY RELATED ADVANTAGES • • • SMALLER TERMINALS THAN WHOLE TERRESTRIAL SYSTEM LOW PROBABILITY OF INTERCEPT OR DETECTION HIGHER DEGREE OF RELIABILITY AND SURVIVABILITY REDUCED LOGISTICAL BURDENS REDUCED SITING PROBLEMS RAPID NETWORK DEPLOYMENT, RECONFIGURATION EASILY EXPANDED FLEXIBLE CONNECTIVITY COLLOCATED WITH UNIT FOR DEFENSE

SATCOM VS TERRESTRIAL COMM LIMITATIONS • HIGH COST FOR SATELLITES, SPACELIFT, TERMINALS, AND COMMAND & CONTROL RESOURCES • FREQUENCY SPECTRUM • ORBITAL POSITION AVAILABILITY • VULNERABILITY TO ASAT WEAPONS & JAMMING

OVERVIEW • OBJECTIVES • BASIC PRINCIPLES • MILITARY SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS • COMMERCIAL SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS • WARFIGHTER APPLICATIONS • THE WAY AHEAD

PROVIDE TIMELY ACCESS TO INFORMATION AND DISSEMINATION OF DECISIONS TO GLOBALLY DEPLOYED MILITARY FORCES DSCS UFO FLTSATCOM MILSTAR AFSATCOM

MILSATCOM REQUIREMENTS HARD-CORE SECURE, SURVIVABLE COMMAND CONTROL FOR HIGH PRIORITY USERS SOFTCORE HIGH CAPACITY, SURVIVABLE COMMUNICATIONS FOR DOD GENERAL PURPOSE LOWER PRIORITY COMMUNICATIONS WITH MINIMUM SURVIVABILITY REQUIREMENTS

GENERAL PURPOSE COMMUNICATIONS • USERS • MOBILE TERMINALS • TACTICAL BROADCAST • SATCOM SYSTEMS • FLEET SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS • UHF F/O • COMMERCIAL

MILSATCOM REQUIREMENTS HARD-CORE SECURE, SURVIVABLE COMMAND CONTROL FOR HIGH PRIORITY USERS SOFTCORE HIGH CAPACITY, SURVIVABLE COMMUNICATIONS FOR DOD GENERAL PURPOSE LOW PRIORITY COMMUNICATIONS WITH MINIMUM SURVIVABILITY REQUIREMENTS

SOFTCORE COMMUNICATIONS • USERS • • • AUTODIN/AUTOSEVOCOM DEFENSE DATA NETWORK (DDN) DEFENSE SWITCHED NETWORK (DSN) DIPLOMATIC TELECOMM SERVICE (DTS) GROUND MOBILE FORCES (GMF) • SATCOM SYSTEMS • DEFENSE SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM (DSCS)

MILSATCOM REQUIREMENTS HARD-CORE SECURE, SURVIVABLE COMMAND CONTROL FOR HIGH PRIORITY USERS SOFTCORE HIGH CAPACITY, SURVIVABLE COMMUNICATIONS FOR DOD GENERAL PURPOSE LOW PRIORITY COMMUNICATIONS WITH MINIMUM SURVIVABILITY REQUIREMENTS

HARD-CORE COMMUNICATIONS • USERS • NATIONAL COMMAND AUTHORITY/CINC NETWORKS • EMERGENCY ACTIONS MESSAGE DISSEMINATION TO STRATEGIC FORCES • TAKE CHARGE AND MOVE OUT (TACAMO) • AIRBORNE WARNING AND CONTROL SYSTEM (AWACS) • SATCOM SYSTEMS • MILSTAR • AF SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM (AFSATCOM)

UHF SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS • ADVANTAGES • • • GREATER CHANNEL CAPACITY SMALL, ECONOMICAL, HIGHLY MOBILE MATURE TECHNOLOGY ==> RELIABLE EXCELLENT QUALITY 300 -3000 MHz • DISADVANTAGES • VULNERABLE TO NUCLEAR BLACKOUT • SUSCEPTIBLE TO JAMMING AND INTERCEPT • CROWED SPECTRUM

UHF SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS • • LARGE AREA COVERAGE MOBILE TERMINALS MINIMAL PROTECTION LDR, SOME MDR

FLEET SATELLITE MISSION GLOBAL, UNPROTECTED TACTICAL COMMUNICATIONS FOR NAVAL AIRCRAFT, SURFACE SHIPS, SUBMARINES AND SHORE STATIONS

FLEET SATELLITE

FLEET SATELLITE SYSTEM DESCRIPTION • CAPABILITIES • 23 CHANNELS (FLEET BROADCAST, FLEET RELAY AIR FORCE NARROWBAND DOD WIDEBAND) • TERMINALS ARE MANPACKS, AIRBORNE, SHIP/SHORE AND SIOP MISSION TERMINALS • EHF TEST PACKAGE ON LAST TWO FLIGHTS • NO POLAR COVERAGE • CONSTELLATION SPECIFICS • • 4 OPERATIONAL SATELLITES 5 YEAR DESIGNED LIFE LAUNCHED 1978 TO 1989 1 SATELLITE PER SECTOR

FLEET SATELLITE

UHF F/O MISSION GLOBAL, UNPROTECTED TACTICAL COMMUNICATIONS FOR NAVAL AIRCRAFT, SURFACE SHIPS, SUBMARINES AND SHORE STATIONS • • REPLACES FLTSAT/LEASED SATELLITE CONSTELLATION GLOBAL COMMUNICATIONS FOR NAVAL FORCES EAM AND SIOP DISSEMINATION (AFSATCOM) PRESIDENTIAL COMMAND NETWORK

UHF FOLLOW-ON SATELLITE

UHF F/O SYSTEM DESCRIPTION • CAPABILITIES • 39 CHANNELS (SOME POSSESS ANTI-JAM CAPABILITY) • TERMINALS ARE MANPACKS, AIRBORNE, SHIP/SHORE AND SIOP MISSION TERMINALS • EHF TEST PACKAGE ON FLIGHTS 4 -10 • NO POLAR COVERAGE • CONSTELLATION SPECIFICS • • • 6 SATELLITES ( 1 ACTIVE, 1 TACO) 14 YEAR DESIGNED LIFE COMPLETE DEPLOYMENT BY 1998 (10 SATELLITES) PAYLOAD CONFIGURATION BY NAVAL SPACE COMMAND SATELLITE CONTROL BY AF SPACE COMMAND

UHF FOLLOW-ON SATELLITE

FLTSAT & UHF F/O USERS UHF CH 23 DOD WIDEBAND USERS • EAM DISSEMINATION UHF CH 1 -10 UHF CH 11 -22 AFSCN • TT&C USAF NARROWBAND • NUCLEAR FORCE COMMAND • & CONTROL USN LAND, SEA, AIR FORCES • DATA DISTRIBUTION • I&W • FLEET BROADCAST • TACTICAL INTEL • OTHER WARFARE USES

SHF SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS • ADVANTAGES • • GREATER CHANNEL CAPACITY WIDESPREAD CONNECTVITY ROUTING DIVERSITY LESS VULNERABLE TO NUCLEAR BLACKOUT AND SCINTILLATION • DISADVANTAGES • LIMITED FREQUENCY ALLOCATION • LIMITED ANTI-JAMMING CAPABILITY • GROUND EQUIPMENT IS LARGE AND COSTLY

SHF SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS • • REGIONAL COVERAGE TRANSPORTABLE/FIXED TERMINALS LIMITED AJ PROTECTION MDR, SOME HDR

DSCS MISSION • SECURE, SURVIVABLE COMMUNICATIONS FOR THE GLOBAL C 2 SYSTEM (GCCS); MANAGED BY THE DEFENSE INFORMATION SYSTEMS AGENCY (DISA) • ADDITIONAL AFSATCOM SUPPORT VIA THE DSCS III SINGLE CHANNEL TRANSPONDER (SCT)

DSCS SATELLITES DSCS III

DSCS II SYSTEM DESCRIPTION • SYSTEM CAPABILITIES • • TWO EARTH COVERAGE, TWO NARROW BEAM ANTENNAS 1200 SIMULTANEOUS TELEPHONE USERS LIMITED MOBILITY NO POLAR COVERAGE • CONSTELLATION SPECIFICS • 3 ACTIVE SATELLITES • 10 YEAR DESIGN LIFE • LAUNCHED 1971 -1982

DSCS II SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

DSCS III SYSTEM DESCRIPTION • CAPABILITIES • EARTH COVERAGE, SPOT, MULTIBEAM ANTENNAS • 10, 000 SIMULTANEOUS TELEPHONE USERS • CONSTELLATION SPECIFICS • 6 OPERATIONAL SATELLITES--3 RESERVES IN GEOSTATIONARY ORBIT • 10 YEAR DESIGN LIFE • LAUNCHED 1982 TO PRESENT 5 DSCS OPERATIONS CENTERS WORLDWIDE, OPERATED BY USARSPACE • SATELLITE HEALTH SUPPORTS BY AFSPC

DSCS III SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

DSCS EMPLOYMENT APPLICATIONS • • NUCLEAR SURVIVABILITY ROBUST COMMAND CONTROL SYSTEM ANTIJAM AT HIGH DATA RATES SIOP AND CINC EAM/FDM MSGS

DSCS EMPLOYMENT APPLICATIONS GCCS NAOC EARLY WARNING PAYLOAD CONTROL TT&C ARMY SPACE AF SPACE COMMAND GROUND MOBILE FORCES

EHF SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS • ADVANTAGES • • • EXTENSIVE BANDWIDTHS JAM RESISTANT NON-CROWDED SPECTRUM SMALL EQUIPMENT, SATELLITE APPLICATIONS LEAST VULNERABLE TO NUCLEAR BLACKOUT • DISADVANTAGES • TECHNOLOGY RISK -- BRAND NEW • SUSCEPTIBLE TO RAIN AND ATMOSPHERIC ATTENUATION • CAPABILITIES UN-EXPLOITED

EHF SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS • • PRIMARILY SPOT COVERAGE MOBILE TERMINALS AJ, AS, LPI PROTECTION LDR, MDR, HDR

MILSTAR MISSION PROVIDE SURVIVABLE, ENDURING, MINIMUM ESSENTIAL COMMUNICATIONS FOR COMMAND & CONTROL OF THE WARFIGHTING FORCES OF THE UNITED STATES

MILSTAR SYSTEM DESCRIPTION • CAPABILITIES • SECURE AND ENDURING COMMUNICATIONS • MIX OF ORBITS -- POLAR ADJUNCTS AND INTERLINKING • USER DATA STORED ON SATELLITE TO IMPROVE SYSTEM FLEXIBILITY AND SURVIVABILITY • ARMY, NAVY AND AIR FORCE TERMINALS INTEROPERABLE • ENCYPTED VOICE, DATA, TELETYPE OR FACSIMILE COMM • CONSTELLATION SPECIFICS • 2 MILSTAR ON ORBIT • INITIAL LAUNCH IN 1992

MILSTAR USERS • CINCS ARE APPORTIONED CAPACITY, AND CINCS DIRECT IMPLEMENTATION FOR THEIR USERS • AIR FORCE (COMING) • PRIMARILY FOR COMMAND POST USE • SOME TERMINALS BACKWARD COMPATIBLE WITH AFSATCOM • NAVY (AVAILABLE) • SHORE, SHIP, & SUBMARINE USE • FEWER OPTIONS THAN AF TERMINAL • ARMY (COMING) • SCAMP MANPACK; SOF/VIP APPLICATIONS • SMART-T (HMMWV MOUNTED)

AFSATCOM MISSION • SECURE, RELIABLE, SURVIVABLE, TWO-WAY GLOBAL COMMUNICATIONS BETWEEN THE COMMAND ELEMENT AND ALL SEGMENTS OF THE FORCES THROUGH ALL LEVELS OF CONFLICT • AFSATCOM • • EAM DISSEMINATION JCS-CINC INTERNETTING FORCE DIRECTION & REPORTING NON-SIOP FORCES

AFSATCOM SYSTEM DESCRIPTION • CAPABILITIES • WORLDWIDE CAPABILITY • DOWNLINK VULNERABILITY • DEPENDENT ON HOST SATELLITE • CONFIGURATION • TRANSPONDERS ON FLTSAT, UFO, AND DSCS SATELLITES • MANAGED BY HQ AFSPC/SC

AFSATCOM USERS B-52 AFSATCOM TERMINAL NAVAL FORCES COMMAND CONTROL AIRCRAFT

AFSATCOM USERS NMCS MISSILE LAUNCH CONTROL FACILITY CINC COMMAND CENTERS BOMBERS AND AIRBORNE CMD POST

OVERVIEW • OBJECTIVES • BASIC PRINCIPLES • MILITARY SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS • COMMERCIAL SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS • WARFIGHTER APPLICATIONS • THE WAY AHEAD

COMMERCIAL SATELLITE AUGMENTATION • • AUGMENTATION OF DOD SYSTEMS HIGH THROUGHPUT COMMUNICATIONS NO SURVIVABILITY CAPABILITY FIXED AND SEMI-FIXED TERMINALS

INMARSAT • DESIGNED TO PROVIDE FULL DUPLEX COMMUNICATIONS TO SHIPS FOR TELEPHONE, TELETYPE, FACSIMILE AND DATA. • DOD LEASE OF CHANNELS CALLED “GAPFILLER”. • PORTABLE TERMINALS LEASED TO SUPPORT DESERT STORM. INMARSAT SATELLITE

INTELSAT • INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE ORGANIZATION • 125 MEMBER NATIONS • HALF OF ALL INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONE CALLS • NEARLY ALL TRANSOCEANIC TELEVISION • NINETEEN COMSATS DEPLOYED • SIX GROUND STATIONS WORLDWIDE

LEASAT • COMMERCIAL SYSTEM TO AUGMENT THE FLEET SATELLITE CONSTELLATION • FOUR SATELLITES, LAST DEPLOYED IN 1990 • OPERATED BY HUGHES COMMUNICATION FOR THE US NAVY LEASAT

OVERVIEW • • OBJECTIVES BASIC PRINCIPLES MILITARY SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS COMMERCIAL SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS • WARFIGHTER APPLICATIONS • THE WAY AHEAD

DOD WARFIGHTERS • HIGHLY MOBILE USERS • AIR/FLEET OPERATIONS • DRUG ENFORCEMENT AGENCY (DEA) • WHITEHOUSE COMMUNICATIONS AGENCY • NUCLEAR CAPABLE FORCES • NATIONAL COMMAND AUTHORITITES • INTEGRATED TACTICAL WARNING ASSESSMENT • EAM DISSEMINATORS • COVERT/SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES

MILSATCOM REQUIREMENTS PERSPECTIVE

OVERVIEW • • • OBJECTIVES BASIC PRINCIPLES MILITARY SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS COMMERCIAL SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS WARFIGHTER APPLICATIONS • THE WAY AHEAD

INFORMATION TO THE WARFIGHTER • NEAR-REAL TIME WEATHER INFORMATION • UPDATED THREAT INTELLIGENCE • IMAGERY AND INTELLIGENCE INFORMATION