SOYBEAN Bhisit Changcharoen MD Soy Soybean US Soya

SOYBEAN Bhisit Changcharoen, MD

Soy • • Soybean (US) Soya bean (UK) Glycine max The plant is classed as an oil seed rather than a pulse by FAO (food and Agricultural Organization) ( - Pulse : the edible seeds of various leguminous plants - Oil seed is a seed from which oil is extracted)

Genistein • The main source of genistein are soybeans. Other legumes, such as chickpeas, contain small amounts of genistein. • The main source of genistein is the glucoside genistin. Before genistein can act it first needs to be released from genistin. This normally happens in the stomach (acid hydrolysis) and intestine (action of bacterial enzymes). • Some genistein supplements contain genistein which has been hydrolysed in a chemical process.

Genistein • Possible benefits in cancer and heart disease prevention • Genistein is a type of chemical called a phytoestrogen—an estrogen -like substance present in some plants. • Genistein can work in two ways: either by increasing or decreasing the effects of estrogen. • The net result is that when there is a lot of estrogen in the body, such as before menopause, genistein may partly block its effects. • Regular use of genistein by premenopausal women might help reduce the risk of cancer. After menopause, genistein can partly make up for it. • This is one rationale for using genistein to treat menopausal symptoms and to prevent osteoporosis. • Genistein might also be helpful for reducing heart disease risk (Isoflavones and lignans)Soy is the most abundant source of isoflavones, with genistein the most abundant isoflavone in soy.

Soy Protein

Nutrition Value USDA Nutrient database

Nutrient content of major staple foods Soybean : High protein, Calcium, Vitamin C, Thaimine, Saturated Fat

Possible Benefits • • • Cardiovascular benefit Cancer Prevention Benefits Soy and Hot Flashes Bone Health Benefits Obesity Diabetes Mellitus type 2 Vitamin K COPD Peridontal disease Neurodegenerative disease

Cardiovascular disease • Mixed results regarding lipid and blood pressure reduction. • Moderate lowering LDL (may increase HDL, Increase TG) • Difference between studies involving whole soybeans versus studies involving processed soybean components (like soy protein isolates) • Whole food soybeans have been shown to provide us with better cardiovascular support than dietary supplements

Cancer prevention benefit • Most controversial area of health research • This soy isoflavone can increase activity of a tumor suppressor protein called p 53. • Block the activity of protein kinases, esp. breast cancer. • Overall dietary intake may also make an important difference in the anticancer benefits of soy.

Hot Flash • ~ 70 -80% of U. S. women of menopausal and perimenopausal age experience hot flashes, in comparison with ~ 10 -20% of Asian women. • The average level of the soy isoflavone genistein in the bloodstream of Asian women is approximately 25 ng/ml, but in U. S. women, only 2 ng/ml • Most studies to date fail to establish a reliable connection between dietary soy intake and occurrence of hot flashes.

Bone health • The area of bone health benefits from soy has remained nearly as controversial as the anticancer area due to the large amount of mixed evidence found in human studies on soy and bone health. • It's important to remember that soybeans provide a good amount of vitamin K—a muchneeded nutrient with respect to bone health.

Obesity • Increased protein intake has always been associated with suppression of appetite, and plant foods like soy that provide concentrated amounts of protein have a research-based ability to help suppress appetite. • Some studies on unique peptides (protein-like components) in soy have shown the ability to decrease synthesis of SREBPs (sterol regulatory element binding proteins), thereby helping decrease synthesis of certain fatty acids as well as depositing of these fatty acids in fat cells. • Early stages of research, Appetite is very complicated.

Diabetes type 2 • In multiple animal studies, soy foods have been shown to lessen insulin resistance by increasing the synthesis of insulin receptors. (appears to occur in the presence of other dietary circumstances, like a moderate amount of polyunsaturated fat intake. ) • High levels of total soy intake (~200 g/d) have also been associated with decreased risk of type 2 diabetes, but only in Asian populations thus far.

Vitamin K • Soybeans of all kinds qualify as a good source of vitamin K based on our food-nutrient ranking system. • Vitamin K benefits from soybeans may be increased in the case of certain fermented soy foods. Koji mold, Aspergillus oryzae. (soy pastes, soy miso, soy sauce. ) Bacillus subtilis. (Fermented soy food, Natto) • Natto is a sticky and stringy form of soybeans in which you can still see the individual beans. (in Asia cuisines) Create a form of vitamin K called menaquinone-7 (MK-7). Sufficient intake of vitamin K is associated with decreased risk of osteoporosis (maintenance of bone mineral density and remodeling through gamma-carboxylation). Higher levels of MK-7 in the blood correspond to lower risk of hip fracture in older Japanese women. The Foods for Specified Health Uses, or FOSHU system does not currently allow for bonerelated health claims for natto in the Japanese marketplace. The reason for disallowed health claims is the lack of vitamin K deficiency in Japan, not lack of data to support a possible MK-7 benefit. • • •

Evidence on cardiovascular effect? (blood pressure control and lipid lowering effect)

Mediterranean Diet

Can regular eating of soy bean reduce BP? • Adherence to some dietary patterns, such as the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) and Mediterranean diets, seems to have a reducing effect on BP, reducing the risk of CVD Kokkinos P, Panagiotakos DB, Polychronopoulos E. Dietary influences on blood pressure: the effect of the Mediterranean diet on the prevalence of hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2005; 7: 165– 70; quiz 71– 2. • Nuts provide a wide variety of nutrients and phytochemicals but low amounts of sodium, which may affect BP • Some prospective longitudinal studies reported that individuals who consume nuts on a daily basis have a lower risk of HTN and other CVD • Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) provide conflicting results. • These might be explained by the heterogeneity of the studies

Am J Clin Nutr, First published ahead of print March 25, 2015 as doi: 10. 3945/ajcn. 114. 091595.

Objective and Design • The aim was to conduct a systematic review and metaanalysis of published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to estimate the effect of nut consumption on BP. • Effect of consuming single or mixed nuts (including walnuts, almonds, pistachios, cashews, hazelnuts, macadamia nuts, pecans, peanuts, and soy nuts) on systolic BP (SBP) or diastolic BP (DBP) as primary or secondary outcomes in adult populations aged > 18 y. • Studies that evaluated the effects for < 2 wk or in which the control group ingested different healthy oils were excluded. • Mean 6 SD changes in SBP and DBP in each treatment group were recorded for meta-analysis

Study Selection for meta-Analysis 21 studies

Study quality and risk bias assessment

Result on Systolic BP

Soy Nut Systolic BP, All patients Systolic BP, No DM 2 Diastolic BP, all patients Diastolic BP without DM type 2

Results and Conclusion • Nut consumption leads to a significant reduction in SBP in participants without type 2 diabetes [mean difference (MD): 21. 29; 95% CI: 22. 35, 20. 22; P = 0. 02] but not in the total population. • Subgroup analyses of different nut types suggest that pistachios, but not other nuts, significantly reduce SBP (MD: 21. 82; 95% CI: 22. 97, 20. 67; P = 0. 002). • Pistachios (MD: 20. 80; 95% CI: 21. 43, 20. 17; P = 0. 01) and mixed nuts (MD: 21. 19; 95% CI: 22. 35, 20. 03; P = 0. 04) have a significant reducing effect on DBP. • Found no significant changes in DBP after the consumption of other nuts. • In subgroup analysis of soy nut, there was no significant effect on BP reduction.

12 week parallel, randomized controlled trial in rural health center of Babol Iran. Bakhtiary at el. Archives of Iranian Medicine, Volume 15, Number 8, August 2012

Result Significant results were only in TG , LDL-C, Apo. AI and Apo. B 100 level And Non-significant result in BP difference.

This randomized crossover clinical trial was undertaken in 42 postmenopausal women with the metabolic syndrome. Participants were randomly assigned to consume a control diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, DASH), a soy-protein diet, or a soy-nut diet, each for 8 wk. (4 weeks wash-out period) Red meat in the DASH period was replaced by soy-protein in the soy-protein period and by soy-nut in the soy-nut period. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85: 735– 41. Printed in USA. © 2007 American Society for Nutrition

Baseline characteristics

Result

Conclusion • Short-term soy-nut consumption improved glycemic control and lipid profiles in postmenopausal women with the metabolic syndrome • Advantage of crossover study Confounding covariates is reduced confounding covariates is reduced • Limitation of crossover study - Order Effect - Carry-over effect : enough wash out period?

Cinderella's Dark Side • Soy also contains goitrogens • Soy Protein Isolate: Acid washing in aluminum tanks leaches high levels of aluminum into the final product. • Soybeans are one of several major food staples now dominated by genetic modification. (currently, 81% of the global soybean crop ) • Whole soybeans are rich in micronutrients, but they also contain phytates which block absorption of minerals. • Soybeans are very rich in Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which can cause problems. • Soy-based infant formula can cause harm, both via its isoflavone content and its unnaturally high content of manganese and aluminum.

Thank you!