Southernization Maps to Accompany Article Lynda Shaffer Journal

Southernization Maps to Accompany Article Lynda Shaffer Journal of World History, 5(1) 1 -21 -- 1994

Southernization • multifaceted process of development • began in Southern Asia and spread around the globe. • Among the most important omitted from this discussion – metallurgical, – medical, – literary. • Those included are: – – mathematics production and marketing of spices pioneering of new trade routes cultivation, processing, and marketing of southern crops -- sugar and cotton; • and the development of various related technologies. • Time period 500 AD – 1800 AD

Before

Flow of Traded Goods

7 th Century and later

Chinese Trade Routes (Blossoms under Mongols 13 th to 14 th century)

Land Routes

Eurasia

Archaic Globalization • Earliest civilizations until roughly the 1800 s. • the geographical spread of goods, ideas, and social norms at both local and regional levels • Good reference source Martell, Luke (2010). The Sociology of Globalization. Policy Press.

North American Archaic Trade

Additional Notes The Indian Beginning COTTON 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. India and cotton trade – Indus River Civilization & Mesopotamia Sugar also produced, but probably not traded at this time By 1 CE Egypt important market for Indian cotton By 1750 India virtually clothed the world Soon displaced by Industrial revolution in UK GOLD – traded and venue of trade 1. Siberia major source until 150 ce 2. Next source Indonesia – “discovered” with help of locals 3. (Maybe only Ethiopians) African gold – as far south as Zimbabwe on Zambezi River

Malaysians and knitting Indian Ocean together 1. 300 bce sailing to southern China – learn to ride monsoons 2. By 100 bce riding monsoons to Africa – evidence Malay related language of Madagascar 3. Cinnamon trade from China to East Africa & Red Sea 4. Master sailors – produce Polynesian explorations – pre-compass navigation 5. Technology balanced lug sail 6. India to Mediterranean Pepper trade 100 ce 7. All sea route India to China 400 ce – off shore and thru straits of Malacca 8. Fine spices – nutmeg, mace, cloves appear from Molucca Islands (sole producer until 1650) 9. 350 ce Crystalline sugar produced – can trade also with Ghee can help sailors survive 10. Modern mathematics – invention of zero around same time

Lug Sail from Indian Ocean Vasco Da Gama’s Ship. Lug sail at back

Southernization of China 1. Opening as central state falls 2. Cotton and sugar emerge as ever more important 3. Import Indian ZERO and Vietnamese/Malay Champa Rice – triples Southern population 4. More food means more non-food production time – inventions: compass, printing, gunpowder 5. Silk & ceramics key export now eventually iron

Muslim Caliphates 1. Sugar & Cotton expand (citrus also) 2. Agriculture more scientific, growth leads to math knowledge expansion 3. Basara, Iraq and imported African slaves – slave revolt 4. Expansion of gold trade into Africa, silver from Afghanistan

Mongolian/Turkic conquest – expansion to Southern Mediterranean 1. Mongolian conquest – expansion to Southern Mediterranean 2. +/-40 degrees rule on agriculture and thus most activity 3. Reorganization of Empires 1200 – Little Ice Age? • 1250 when Atlantic pack ice began to grow; cold period possibly triggered or enhanced by the massive eruption of Samalas volcano in 1257 • 1275 to 1300 based on the radiocarbon dating of plants killed by glaciation • 1300 for when warm summers stopped being dependable in Northern Europe • 1315 the rains and Great Famine of 1315– 17 • 1550 theorized beginning of worldwide glacial expansion • 1650 the first climatic minimum.

Mongolian/Turkic conquest cont… 3. Mongolian & Turkic expansions – contacts with Europe greatly increase • 1200 Zero finally arrives in Europe • Sugar & Cotton produced on Med. European Islands • Three techs arrive – compass printing gunpowder 4. Fall of Constantinople – seeking alternate route to spices • Navigational & Military tech skills grow in Europe

Rise of Europe’s North • Creation of plantations in conquered 40 -degree land enable N Europe to finally fully participate in Southern style economy • Expand upon slave economy • N Europe learns from South and out does them – Industrial Revolution • Southernization has led to eventual Westernization