South Biology 2017 Chapter 30 Taxonomy Classification Classifying
South Biology 2017 Chapter 30 Taxonomy & Classification
Classifying goes back 2000 years Aristotle • Aristotles system classified organisms as plant or animal. • Animals were; • of the land, • of the sea • Of the sky
Anton Van Leeunhoek 1674 Designed a microscope with 200 X mag Discovered 1 celled organisms in pond water. They were actually protozoans and algae. He called them “Animacules” • Cell Biology is born
Antony V. L. created over 400 microscopes, ground over 500 lenses Anton Van Leeunhoek 1676 Bacteria is discovered
Carolus Linnaeus 1707 -1778 Developed the modern system of classification known as binomial nomenclature. It based on morphology an organisms external characteristics The hierarchy is based on 7 “taxon”
Taxon from largest to smallest
6 kingdoms 1. Archaebacteria 2. Eubacteria (both formerly Monera) 3. Protistans (protista) 4. Fungi 5. Plants (plantae) 6. Animals (animalia)
1. Kingdom Archaebacteria: prokaryotic; cell walls lack peptoglycan(sugar); lack nuclei; live in harsh environs; genes are closer to eukaryotes
2. Kingdom Eubacteria or “modern” bacteria- prokaryote; cell walls contain peptoglycan; they are decomposers; cause sickness; spoil food;
3. Kingdom Protista: Single celled- Eukaryotes (posses organelles) May be autotrophic or heterotrophic may be motile or nonmotile
4. Kingdom Fungi: “plantlike(nonmotile) Heterotrophs (do not photosynthesize) cell walls(like plants) contain “chitin” polymers of sugar
5. Kingdom Plantae: Multicellular eukaryotes Autotrophic (photosynthesis); nonmotile
6. Kingdom Animalia: multicellular; eukaryotes; heterotrophic; motile; reproduce sexually
Binomial nomenclature; aka “Linnaeun taxonomy” The standard for how organisms are called • the rules are 1. An organism is called by its Genus & species 2. The Genus is always written capitalized 3. The species is always written lower case. 4. Both names may be italicized and/ or underlined
Taxonomy of a dolphin. • Taxonomic • Latin English Kingdom Animalia multicell, euk, motile, sex rep Phylum Chordata dorsal nerve cord Class: Mammalia warm blood, hair, live birth, milk Order; Cetacea “whales, dolphins, porpoise Suborder Odontoceti “toothed whales” Family Delphinidae fast, streamlined, cone tooth Genus Tursiops “beaked” dolphins (posses a snout) Specis Truncatus bottlenose dolphins
Diversity of organisms: How can they be seperated? By Systematics
Systematics: The science of naming and grouping organisms
Systematics can consider as evidence. . 1. Evolutionary relationships • Lynn Margulis proposed the “Endosymbiont Hypothesis” in 1967 • Prokaryotes gave rise to Eukaryotes • Evidence: Mitochondrial DNA • Life did not take over the globe by combat, but by networking"
Endosymbiotic theory
2. Homologous structures: Patterns or structures that appear in different organisms as a result of inheritance from a common ancestor
3. Fossil evidence Skeleton of the early whale Dorudon.
Dolphin swimming motion; Up and down or “Thuniform” swimming, a product of its vertebrate backbone
4. Shared Characters Shared derived characters Shared characters are seen in 2 or more lineages. Scales in fish, reptiles, birds Shared derived characters evolved within the group
3. Embryonic development
4. Relationships between kingdoms
Kingdom Protista (protozoans) • Unicellular • Eukaryotic cells; have a nucleus and organelles • Have members that are animalike (protozoa) and plantlike (some algae) • Includes Plankton, Diatoms, dinoflagellates, radiolarians
Plankton • The base for all food chains in the oceans • Astronomical in growth potential. • Produce over 80% of the earths free Oxygen
Plankton: Drifters of the ocean • • Placed in 3 large categories 1. Phytoplankton (plant plankton) 2. Zooplankton (animal plankton) 3. meroplankton; organisms that start life as plankton and metamorphose into a nonplanktonic form • Symmetry may be radial or bilateral • Floatation is a function of water desnity
Plankton floatation • Water density help plankton float (or sink slowly) • Plankton have a large surface area compared to their volume. • Spines increase surface area • Daily mixing of surface currents (30 meters depth) keep plankton at the surface
Phytoplankton • Live as single spheres or in colonies • They are responsible for 70% of the worlds free Oxygen
Kingdom Eubacteria aka the “Blue Green Algae” • Provide the base nutrients for marine food chains • Includes bacteria and blue green bacteria (algae) • Single celled, lack nuclei • Live singly or in chains • Autotrophic
Blue green bacteria; photosynthetic monerans • This group more than 3 billion years old. • Contain chlorophyll (green pigment) and phycocyanin (blue pigment) Some contain phycoerythrin (red pigment) • Can survive wide ranges of ocean conditions; low O 2, drying,
Nostoc BGA • Forms long chains of prokaryotic cells • Can produce fats & protein. Fish become toxic after eating BGA • Fix nitrogen as fast as bacteria!!!
Blooms of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae in the Gulf of Finland: 2005 Anabaena was also well represented
Anabaena
Eukaryotic phytoplankton
Diatoms: The golden-brown algae • Unicellular • Composed of a 2 part shell called a frustule; made of Silica • Exhibit radial and bilateral symmetry • Economically valuable in toothpaste, paint
Diatom reproduction • The 2 frustules separate after cell divides, a new inner half is formed, and 2 new diatoms are formed. • progressively smaller via protoplasts and mitosis, then fusing gametes that grow back to orig size(auxospores) by meiosis
Radial vs bilateral symmetry • Radial symmetry known as “centric” • Centric float better than pennate diatoms. • Bilateral known as “pennate” Usually on the bottom or attached to a floating object. • protozoans • Silica shells • Deposits of shells is substantial
Coccolithophores Phytoplankton with a limestone shell Ca. CO 3 • Thrive in nutrient poor waters mostly in subpolar regions 320 pounds of carbon go into every ton of coccoliths produced In the past two years, large blooms of coccolithophores have covered areas of the Bering Sea
Coccolithophores in Alaska • Coccos blooms coincided with weak salmon returns • Large dieoffs of shearwaters
Dinoflagellates “fire Protists” • Cellulose (sugar) shells with a girdle and a sulcus • Possess 2 flagella for locomotion; 1 to steer, one for power Lifestyles include endosymbionts in coral reef ecosystems Heterotrophic predators Parasites on fish and cnidarians Bioluminescence occurs
Ceratium A dinoflagellate Single cell; photosynthetic with cellulose walls Cause of red tide, population explodes Temp & nutrients in excess PSP 2 flagella, 1 to steer; 1 for power
Foraminiferans & radiolarians Single celled amoebalike protozoans encased in a calcareous covering Pseudopodia radiate out from the shell; used for catching diatoms &small protozoa Radios use silica for shells Radio tests are found at depth as they resist dissolution in seawater(pressure and cold temps)
Tintinnids • Protists from the • Phylum Ciliophora • Use cilia for propulsion and feeding • Their protein & mineral shell or “loricae”from the latin root lorica “body armor” • Act as detritivores (heterotrophic)
Pteropods • Phylum mollusca • Holoplanktonic organisms related to snails. Bilateral sym • Foot modified to parapodia(wing) • May be naked(soft bodied, embryonic shells present) or with shells • Passive plankton feeders but do capture prey in a mucus web • Potential ocean acidity may jeapordize the genera
Meroplankton • organisms that are planktonic for only a part of their life cycles, usually the larval stage, then graduate to nekton, benthic motile, or sessile existence • Octopus larvae
Zooplankton Larvae • Begin life as plankton • Become predators later • Includes larvae of crab, halibut, starfish, jellyfish, anemones, shrimp,
Microplankton; net plankton • Zooplankton and phytoplankton between 0. 07 and 1. 0 mm • (70 -1000 microns um)
Ultraplankton • Less than 5 um • Includes bacteria & very small phytoplankton
nannoplankton • Size range between • 0. 005 and 0. 07 mm; • 5 and 70 um’s
Functions of life 1. Digestion 2. Excretion 3. Sensing the environment 4. Reproduction 5. Movement (animals)
Chloroplast- organelle responsible for capturing light
Lifestyle: Acellular (single) and colonial • Acellular organisms live as individual cells, have no tissues, and accomplish the functions of life relatively simply • Colonial organisms live as single cells but in association with other single cells. Each cell accomplishes functions of life individually, though sometimes cooperatively • Advantages? ? • Protection, reproduction
Lifestyle: Colonial • Individual spherical cells that live as colonies.
Oscillitoria:
Anabaena
scenedesmus
Volvox • Cells form colonies • Store food as starch via photosynthesis • Colonies break apart with each becoming new colony.
Chlamydomonas Green Algae- flagellated, unicellular,
Spirogyra • Photosynthetic algae, some saltwater species • Spiral chloroplast • Sexual reproduction by conjugation • Filamentous • Asexual reproduction by binary fission (mitosis)
Ceratium/Gonylaux
Foraminiferans
Diatom shapes
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