South Africa Taking Notes and analyzing a primary

South Africa Taking Notes and analyzing a primary source document!

Directions • On a lined piece of paper, write down everything that is written in red answer all questions in red on this slide show!

South Africa Location • South Africa is at the southern most tip of the continent of Africa

Brief South African History • The earliest people • The earliest representatives of South Africa's diversity – at least the earliest we can name – were the Bushmen and Hottentots. Both were resident in the southern tip of the continent for thousands of years before its written history began with the arrival of European seafarers. • And before that, modern human beings had lived here for more than 100, 000 years – indeed, the country is an archaeological treasure chest.

Settlers and Slaves • In 1652, Jan van Riebeeck and 90 other Dutch men landed with him at the Cape of Good Hope, under instructions by the Dutch East India Company to build a fort and develop a vegetable garden to feed the men on ships traveling the Eastern trade route. • Their relationship with the natives was initially one of bartering, but a mutual animosity developed over issues such as cattle theft – and, no doubt, the growing suspicion on the part of the natives that Van Riebeeck's outpost was becoming a threat to them. • Perhaps the first sign that the threat was to be realized came in 1657 when nine men, released from their contracts, were given land to farm. In the same year the first slaves were imported. By the time Van Riebeeck left in 1662, 250 white people lived in what was beginning to look like a developing colony. • Later governors of the Cape Colony encouraged immigration, and in the early 1700 s more immigrants than natives lived in South Africa.

England takes over • In 1879, Britain, now becoming the world superpower, took over South Africa and discovered diamonds there. In 1886, gold was discovered and South Africa became “the jewel” of Africa. • In 1909 blacks in South Africa were banned from political office and citizens were treated harshly. • This was the beginning of Apartheid!

Apartheid: What is it? • A South African policy of complete legal separation of the races • Banned all social contact between blacks and whites • Allowed the ruling white minority to control and terrorize the black majority • This is all LEGAL!

• All citizens were classified by race (LAW). • A Black South African must carry a passbook issued by the white Government (LAW). • Blacks were required to carry passes that determined where they could live and work.

• The Group Areas Act… It forced people of certain races into living in designated areas. • There were racially segregated beaches and public areas (LAW). • Race laws touched every aspect of social life, including prohibiting marriage between nonwhites and the sanctioning of “white-only'' jobs (LAW). • List three ways blacks and whites were separated in your own words.

• The government designated white and colored areas. • This is a white school campus…look at the buildings and the field. • Schools were segregated and black schools had to teach the “white” curriculum.

• The government separated residential areas. • Blacks were relocated to new “homelands”…usually the poorest areas with horrible farm land (LAW). • South African citizenship was taken away and black townships had curfews. • These are houses in Soweto, a black township.

More Laws… • Each black homeland controlled its own separate education, health and police system. • Blacks were not allowed to buy hard liquor. They were able to buy poor quality beer. • Public beaches, swimming pools, bridges, drive-ins, graveyards, parks, and public toilets were segregated (LAW). • Movie theatres in white areas were not allowed to admit blacks. There were practically no cinemas in black areas. • Restaurants and hotels in white areas were not allowed to admit blacks except as staff. • Black Africans were prohibited from attending white churches.

• Segregated public facilities in Johannesburg, 1985. • Schools were segregated and students learned white curriculum and spoke in Afrikaaners language (LAW). • Black schools were intentionally underfunded.

Between 1948 and 1990 § Approximately 10, 000 blacks were killed by the notorious system of racial domination. § The greatest damage was the dehumanization and humiliation of non-whites through ruthless laws and practices by about 12% of the population (whites). § The overwhelming majority of people in South Africa were black.

What would you do? Would you consider fighting back? How? You have no rights, no power…

• Children of Soweto, a Black township some ten miles away from Johannesburg, in 1982. The Zulu world "Amandla" scrawled on the wall means "Power". This was adopted as a rallying call in the struggle for Black rights.

Resistance Movement • The African National Congress was established (ANC) • ANC organized marches, boycotts and strikes • 1960 police gunned down 69 men women and children in a peaceful demonstration

In 1955… • The ANC (African National Congress) wrote the Freedom Charter. https: //ancgauteng. org. za/index. php/docume nts/19 -the-freedom-charter? path= Open the pdf doc Freedom Charter from the link above document and write the following: 3 Things South Africans wanted the world to know. 3 rights of the people

Resistance • Sharpeville Massacre- 69 people (women and students) killed by South African police • 1974 - SA expelled from UN, 1976 - banned from Olympics • 1976 - student protests- 600 killed, thousands arrested

Steven Biko • Black Consciousness leader who believed that political freedom could only come to black South Africans if and when they begin to stop feeling inferior to whites • Raised awareness around world to the issue of apartheid

Steven Biko • Arrested, put on trial, and died Sept. 22, 1977 from head wounds while in police custody • Since his death in police custody, he has been called a martyr of the anti-apartheid movement. • While living, his writings and activism attempted to empower black people, and he was famous for his slogan "black is beautiful", which he described as meaning: "man, you are okay as you are, begin to look upon yourself as a human being". • Considered a hero

Steven Biko • He wasn’t the devil, as they made him out to be. He was a man, just like you and me. Yet he suffered immense pain and deadly injuries to insure no others would have to see the horror he saw before he ceased to breathe. God Bless Stephen Biko -Steve Shep

Nelson Mandela • Born in 1918 to the chief of the Tembu Tribe • University educated • Received a law degree • Joined African National Congress in 1944 and helped with the resistance movement • In 1961 he created a new group within the ANC that wanted to use violent tactics • He was arrested and after several trials was given life in prison for plotting to overthrow the government

Nelson Mandela • While in prison he continued to be a symbol and leader of the resistance movement • President de Klerk was instrumental in releasing Mandela in February 1990 and allowing the ANC • He and de Klerk worked to create a new constitution for all people in South Africa • In 1994 Mandela was elected at the first black South African President…everyone voted! • Mandela and de Klerk won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993

According to Mandela, § "The oppressor must be liberated just as surely as the oppressed, for he is the prisoner of hatred, robbed of his own humanity. " § "While the particulars of our histories may have been different, the heart of our struggles, from Selma to Soweto, has been the same. " § "Courage is not the absence of fear, but the triumph over it. "

F. W. de Klerk • • South African president in 1990 (White man) Ended apartheid Freed Nelson Mandela Worked with Mandela to re-write the constitution giving all freedoms and rights • Won Nobel Peace Prize with Mandela • Write down 3 influential people in ending Apartheid and how they went about making a change!

Apartheid 1948 and 1990 When apartheid finally collapsed, § the oppressors sought amnesty for their crimes. . . while § the victims sought justice.

Victims of Torture Psychological complexity of reconciliation: Victims who experienced brutality during Apartheid now, at times, feel more alienated—because the most dramatic part of the struggle that bonded people together is now over.

Constitution • Constitution (1996) of South Africa is among the most progressive in the world. • Among the 27 Fundamental Rights is the right not to be discriminated against on any grounds and “in particular on: – race, gender, sex, ethnic or social origin, colour, sexual orientation, age, disability, religion, conscience, belief, culture or language. ”

Restitution - Land Claims • The bureaucracy has been slow in addressing the basic issues of restitution for land claims. • The government, for example, promised to compensate all families and their descendants who lost their property under apartheid. • But of the nearly 70, 000 claims, only about 12, 000 have been resolved.

Low-Cost Housing

Unemployment Due to the 40% jobless rate among black South Africans, there is a 4% levy on business owners and they are forced to pay money to finance worker training. Job creation and training education are imperative!!!

Job Training

Modern South Africa

Taking a Stand • Just imagine what one person can do to make a change. • All it takes sometimes is one brave person to take a stand… • Write down how you feel South Africa is doing today.