Source Science Explained Transcription and Translation Understanding these

Transcription and Translation Understanding these two processes will reveal how proteins come from DNA.

The synthesis of RNA from DNA is called transcription • Research has shown that

Polymerase is an enzyme that makes polymers • Transcription begins when an enzyme called

Transcription: a summary of what we learned • Transcription makes messenger RNA (m. RNA)

Translation • In some cases, the RNA molecule itself is a "finished product" that

Translation Details • First, what is a codon? Remember the nitrogenous bases on nucleotides?

Translation Details • Translation happens in three phases: • Initiation: a different RNA called

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Source: Science Explained

Transcription and Translation Understanding these two processes will reveal how proteins come from DNA. Image: Kaiser Science

The synthesis of RNA from DNA is called transcription • Research has shown that the instructions stored within DNA are "read" in two steps: transcription and translation. • In transcription (the 1 st step), a portion of the DNA template codes for a messenger RNA molecule.

Polymerase is an enzyme that makes polymers • Transcription begins when an enzyme called RNA polymerase attaches to the template DNA strand begins to catalyze production of complementary RNA (the code: A, G, C, U instead of T) • This RNA that is made is called messenger RNA (m. RNA)

Transcription: a summary of what we learned • Transcription makes messenger RNA (m. RNA) • m. RNA is single-stranded (not a double-helix) • We will talk about what happens to the m. RNA next… Source: Khan Academy

Translation • In some cases, the RNA molecule itself is a "finished product" that serves some important function within the cell. Often, however, transcription of an RNA molecule is followed by a translation step, which ultimately results in the production of a protein molecule. • During translation, the m. RNA that was just created in transcription is translated into amino acids at the ribosome. • Amino acid polymers (aka polypeptides) are……. Proteins!!! • Proteins then carry out various functions in the cell. • How does this happen? Chemistry • In conclusion, translation is where messenger RNA goes to the ribosome and makes proteins.

Translation Details • First, what is a codon? Remember the nitrogenous bases on nucleotides? • A codon is any sequence of three nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA • Examples: AUG, UGA, TCG, etc

Translation Details • Translation happens in three phases: • Initiation: a different RNA called t. RNA attaches to the start codon AUG • Elongation: t. RNA makes a long amino acid chain (aka polymer) • Termination: a stop codon is reached (either UAG, UAA or UGA) and the synthesis of proteins is finished And now, gene expression has finished with the creation of a protein from the genetic code. The protein will likely go on to do amazing things in the cell.

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