Sound Waves Vibration of a tuning fork Pressure

Sound Waves • Vibration of a tuning fork

Pressure Waves • Sound waves is usually analyzed from the point of view of pressure because the pressure is easier to measure than displacement. Rarefaction (pressure lower) Compression (pressure higher) Atmospheric pressure

Pressure and Displacement in Sound Waves • A sound wave can be described in terms of displacements of particles in the medium or in terms of pressure Pressure fluctuation Displacement fluctuations. Position The displacement graph is π/2 out of phase with the pressure graph.

Variation of the air pressure in an air column

Pressure and displacement in an air column • When the air is constrained to a node, the air motion will be alternately squeezing toward that point and expanding away from it, causing the pressure variation to be at a maximum. http: //www. walterfendt. de/ph 11 e/stlwaves. htm

Frequency Spectrum of Sound Waves Frequency in Hz on a log scale 1 10 20 Hz 102 103 104 20 k. Hz Subson Range of sound frequencies ic heard by human ears 105 106 Used in medical diagnosis Ultrasound Note that the audible range varies somewhat from one individual to another. 107

Energy Transport and the Amplitude of a Wave • The energy transported by a wave is directly proportional to the square of the amplitude of the wave. E A 2

The Speed of Sound • Typically there are two essential types of properties which effect wave speed. – Inertial properties (e. g. mass density, ) • The greater the inertia the slower the wave. – Elastic properties (e. g. Young modulus, E) • The higher the elasticity the faster the wave. • Speed of Sound in a long solid rod Where E is the Young modulus and is the density of the solid rod.

Measuring the Speed of Sound in Air • The speed of sound in air can be measured by – Stationary waves pattern established between a loudspeaker and a metal reflector. – Using a resonance tube (or Kundt’s tube) Glass Tube Signal generator

Speed of Sound in Various Material Air (0 o. C) Air (20 o. C) Helium (20 o. C) Hydrogen (20 o. C) Water (20 o. C) Mercury (20 o. C) Aluminium Steel Lead Speed of sound /m s-1 331 344 999 1330 1400 1480 1450 6420 5940 1960

Loudness • Loudness is a sensation in the consciousness of a h being. • The assessment of loudness is controlled by (1) The wave intensity, which depends on (a) the square of the amplitude, (b) the square of the frequency, (c) the speed. (2) The sensitivity of the hearer to the particular frequ being sounded.

Sound Intensity • The sound intensity in a specified direction is the rate of sound energy flowing through a unit area normal to that direction. The sound intensity is normally measured in watt per square metre (W/m 2). Energy flow A Unit : W m-2

Variation of Intensity with Distance (1) • The intensity decreases away from the source because - the energy is distributed through a larger volume, (For a point source and isotropic medium the intensity will obey the inverse square law. ) - of attenuation: the wave energy is gradually converted by an imperfectly elastic medium into the

Variation of Intensity with Distance (2) • As the wave moves outward, the energy it carries is spread over a larger and larger area since the surface area of a sphere 2 of radius r is 4 r • If the power output is P, then the average intensity, through a sphere with radius r is r

Variation of Intensity with Distance (3) Intensity level • If a source of sound can be considered as a point, where r is the distance from the source. Distance

Intensity Level (Decibel) • The intensity level of a sound wave is defined by where I = the intensity of sound, Io= 1 p. W m-2 (Threshold of hearing Unit : decibel (d. B) • The d. B-scale is a logarithmic, the reason for measuring sound this way is that our ears (and minds) perceive sound in terms of the logarithm of the sound pressure,

Intensity of Various Sounds Source of the Sound Jet plane at 30 m Intensity Level/d. B 140 Intensity/W -2 m 100 Threshold of pain 120 1 Loud indoor rock concert 120 1 Siren at 30 m Automobile moving at 90 km h-1 Busy street traffic Ordinary conversation, at 50 cm Quiet radio 100 1 × 10 -2 75 3 × 10 -5 70 1 × 10 -5 65 3 × 10 -6 40 1 × 10 -8 Whisper 20 1 × 10 -10 Rustle of leaves 10 1 × 10 -11 Threshold of hearing 0 1 × 10 -12

Sensitivity of Human Ear as a Function of Frequency Each curve represents sounds that seemed to be equally loud. Note that the ear is most sensitive to sounds of frequency between 2

Sound Proofing (1) • Soundproofing of a room involves the isolation of that room from audible sound from the outside and may be to • taken Preventing the entrance of sound include from the acoustic damping of the room itself. outside is accomplished by -sealing openings, -making the walls absorbent of sound, and -minimizing the passage of sound energy through

Sound Proofing (2) • Sound absorbing materials such as foam insulation in the walls help with both the sealing and absorbing of mid-range to high frequency sounds.