Sot En mjlighet att mildra bde klimatfrndringar och
Sot – En möjlighet att mildra både klimatförändringar och häloseffekter SLF, Stockholm, 24 April 2013 Erik Swietlicki Professor Division of Nuclear Physics, Lund University erik. swietlicki@nuclear. lu. se P. O. Box 118, SE-21100 Lund, Sweden
Luftburna partiklar – Kyler vår planet men dödar mäniskor! Konflikt mellan ”positiv” klimatpåverakan (avkylande) effekt och negativa hälsoeffekter. Sot är unikt på så sätt att det är ENBART DÅLIGT! Sot värmer och dödar!
Win-win situation Reduktion av sot-emissionerna (BC) Om vi lyckas reducera utsläppen av sot kan vi Ø mildra uppvärmningen av klimatet, Ø skydda människors hälsa.
Infraröd värmestrålning 34 Kortvågig solstrålning (synligt ljus) 2 W /m 2 Växthusgaser (CO 2, metan. . . ) förhindrar värmestrålning från att försvinna ut i rymden Varmare klimat!
Indirekt effekt av aerosoler på klimatet Plymer från fartyg över havet (ship tracks). Innehåller både sot och sulfat.
12 June 2012 WHO classified diesel engine exhaust as carcinogenic to humans. http: //press. iarc. fr/pr 213_E. pdf
Health effects of black carbon This report presents the results of a systematic review of evidence of the health effects of black carbon (BC). The Task Force on Health agreed that a reduction in exposure to PM 2. 5 containing BC and other combustion-related PM material for which BC is an indirect indicator should lead to a reduction in the health effects associated with PM. The Task Force recommended that PM 2. 5 should continue to be used as the primary metric in quantifying human exposure to PM and the health effects of such exposure, and for predicting the benefits of exposure reduction measures. The use of BC as an additional indicator may be useful in evaluating local action aimed at reducing the population’s exposure to combustion PM (for example, from motorized traffic). WHO, 2012.
Integrated Assessment of Black Carbon and Tropospheric Ozone Black carbon and tropospheric ozone have detrimental impacts on health, climate and the environment. This assessment looks into all aspects of anthropogenic emissions of black carbon and tropospheric ozone precursors, such as methane. It also examines a large number of technically feasible measures to reduce harmful emissions and identifies 16 measures that would produce important climate, health and crop yield benefits. UNEP/WMO, 2011.
Near-term Climate Protection and Clean Air Benefits: Actions for Controlling Short-Lived Climate Forcers - A UNEP Synthesis Report This report addresses the mitigation of shortlived climate forcers (SLCFs) and its key role in air pollution reduction, climate protection and sustainable development. SLCFs are substances in the atmosphere that contribute to global warming and have relatively short lifetimes in the atmosphere. The focus is on three SLCFs – black carbon, tropospheric ozone and methane – because reducing them will provide significant benefits through improved air quality and a slowing of nearterm climate change. UNEP, 2011.
http: //www. unep. org/CCAC/ The Pufendorf Institute CCAC – Climate and Clean Air Coalition A Short-lived Climate Pollutants (SLCP)
Report to US Congress on Black Carbon This report synthesizes and assesses available scientific information on the current and future impacts of black carbon, and evaluates the effectiveness of available black carbon mitigation approaches and technologies for protecting climate, public health, and the environment. USEPA, March 2012. “The sign and magnitude of the net climate forcing from BC emissions are not fully known at present, largely due to remaining uncertainties regarding the effects of BC on clouds. ” http: //www. epa. gov/blackcarbon/
The Impact of Black Carbon on Arctic Climate The Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) established an Expert Group on Short-Lived Climate Forcers (SLCFs) in 2009 with the goal of reviewing the state of science surrounding SLCFs in the Arctic and recommending the science tasks that AMAP should conduct or promote to improve the state of knowledge and its application to policy-making. This document is a result of the work completed by the AMAP Expert Group on SLCFs. It focuses on black carbon (BC) but also considers the impact of co-emitted organic carbon (OC). AMAP, 2011
Sotpartiklarna åldras i atmosfären Hur mycket? sek-min Åldring i atmosfären timmar-dagar min-timmar
Sotpartiklarna åldras i atmosfären Hur mycket? DMA sek-min APM Åldring i atmosfären timmar-dagar min-timmar
Massa SP-AMS Sotpartiklarna åldras i atmosfären Hur mycket? sek-min sek Åldring i atmosfären timmar-dagar min-timmar PAM Artificiell minuter åldring
Sotpartiklarna absorberar solstrålning Direkt effekt 3 -λ Neph 3 -λ PASS 7 -λ Aethal sek-min Åldring i atmosfären timmar-dagar
Klimatmodeller använder olika sätt att beräkna hur sotpartiklarna absorberar solstrålning
Åldrade sotpartiklar tar upp vatten och kan växa till molndroppar (CCN) Direkt effekt Ökad fuktighet Indirekt effekt sek-min CCNC HTDMA Åldring i atmosfären timmar-dagar min-timmar
Sotets klimatpåverkan – Bond mfl JGR 2013 Kylande Värmande Partiklar Moln Snö Totalt Störning av strålningsbalansen (W/m 2)
Vad är klimatkänsligheten fördubbling av halten CO 2? Växthusgaernas uppvärming maskeras av aerosolerna avkylning. Hög klimatkänslighet Osäkerhet “Global Dimming” och framtidens klimat (Starkt avkylande aerosoler) Låg klimatkänslighet (Svagt avkylande aerosoler) Andreae et al. (Nature, 2005)
Temperaturökning vid en fördubbling av halten CO 2 10. 0 Temperaturökning (o. C) 9. 0 8. 0 7. 0 6. 0 5. 0 4. 0 3. 0 2. 0 1. 0 0. 0 -3 -2. 5 -2 -1. 5 -1 -0. 5 Uppskattning av aerosolernas total strålningsstörning (W/m 2) 0 HC Hansson, ITM, 2012
Stadsmätning: Köpenhamn, Øster Søgade 26 dec 2011 – 22 jan 2012 60 % av alla patriklar (PM 1) innehåller en sotkärna. Lund University / Faculty of Engineering / Department of Physics / Division of Nuclear Physics / Axel Eriksson
Sotpartiklarna åldras i atmosfären Hur mycket? Färska sotpartiklar Åldrade sotpartiklar
Deponerat antal partiklar (cm-3) Lungdeposition av partiklar Lycksele Trafik Vedelding Totalantal partiklar (cm-3)
Centrala Köpenhamn 2012 Kemisk sammansättning Storleksfördelning Åldrade sotpartiklar 20% 44% Färska sotpartiklar 3 % 14% 13% 6 % Lund University / Faculty of Engineering / Department of Physics / Division of Nuclear Physics / Axel Eriksson
Modern/Fossil Carbon from 14 C Analysis in Total Carbon Kristina Stenström, Johan Genberg Lund University Vavihill Fossil carbon 26% 74% Melpitz K-puszta 22% 25% 78% Ispra JRC-Ispra 48% 75% 52% San Pietro Capofiume 46% 54% Modern carbon
Vavihill Organic Aerosol Source Apportionment Data on OC/EC, 14 C and levoglucosan Biogent OC Summer Winter OC - Veldning Summer Winter Sot - Veldning Summer Winter Fossilt OC Summer Winter Fossilt Sot Summer Winter Sot Johan Genberg et al, Lund University
Rural southern Sweden (Vavihill) Organic Aerosol Source Apportionment Data on OC/EC, 14 C and levoglucosan EC OC • Summer: strong dominance of biogenic Organic Carbon (OC) • Winter: equal contributions from biomass and fossil fuel burning • Still significant winterly biogenic contribution (Genberg et al. , ACP (2011)
(Aerosols, Clouds, and Trace gases Research Infra. Structure Network) Standard Operating Procedures for sampling and analysis of EC and lightabsorbing carbon, including BC. is a European Project aiming at integrating European groundbased stations equipped with advanced atmospheric probing instrumentation for aerosols, clouds, and short-lived gasphase species.
Emissions of EC (soot) in Europe – EC Mass 3/9/2008 WP 1. 3 Transportation dominate 31
EMEP modellen för sot – Uppdaterad med ny emissionsinventering för Europa (och vedeldning) BC i PM 10 (µgm− 3) Vedeldnin gandel Fossil andel Öppen biomassförbränning Genberg et al, ACPD 2013
EMEP modellen för sot – Uppdaterad med ny emissionsinventering för Europa (och vedeldning) Genberg et al, ACPD 2013
"Black Carbon - Formation, life cycle, health and climate impacts, policy and response measures" Workshop 18 -20 June 2012
- Slides: 34