Sonia Bacon Lucile ClmentGallais ENGLISH Linking terms Universit

Sonia Bacon Lucile Clément-Gallais ENGLISH Linking terms Université Paris Descartes -- 2008 -2009

Linking term Rules 1) Beginnings and endings § To begin a presentation, chapter or explanation you can use : First, firstly, to begin with, first of all, first and foremost § On the other hand to end you can use : to conclude, in conclusion, as a conclusion, at last, finally § And to summarize : in brief, to put it in a nutshell, in short 2) To develop an idea § To enumerate : Secondly, thirdly, then, next § To argue : after considering, in fact, anyway, in any case, actually § To add an explanation : in addition to, moreover, furthermore, on top of that, besides, also, too, similarly

Linking terms Rules 3) To express time § Since, as soon as, sometimes, while, until, once, whenever § To express an interval : meanwhile, in the meantime § To express an intention : to do something, in order to 4) Cause and consequence § Cause : because, as, for, since, this is the reason why, because of, owing to, due to, thanks to § Consequence : so that, that is why, therefore, consequently, accordingly, as a result of, so, thus, hence

Linking terms Rules 5) Conditions and restrictions § Hypothesis : if, in case, on condition that, as long as § Nuance : although, even if, however, no matter what, unless, yet, still, despite, nevertheless, in spite of, for all I know 6) Opposition § whereas, while, unlike, contrary to, or else, on the one hand…on the other hand, on the contrary, otherwise Sources : www. english-for-techies. net ; www. anglaisfacile. com ;

Exercises Fill the blank ……… we will focus on the American civilization, ………. . we will talk about Obama’s election, and ………. . we will discuss the relationship between the two subjects. ………. . it is the beginning of a new era in the United States.

Correction exercises Fill the blank First we will focus on the American civilization, secondly we will talk about Obama’s election, and finally we will discuss the relationship between the two subjects. To put it in a nutshell it is the beginning of a new era in the United States.

Exercises The odd man out 1/ as a consequence - as a result - for this reason furthermore – thus - the result 2/ in addition to, moreover, furthermore, on top of that, besides, also, too, similarly, to conclude 3/ Since, as soon as, sometimes, thus, while, until, once, whenever

Correction exercises The odd man out 1/ as a consequence - as a result - for this reason furthermore – thus - the result 2/ in addition to, moreover, furthermore, on top of that, besides, also, too, similarly, to conclude 3/ Since, as soon as, sometimes, thus, while, until, once, whenever

Exercises • Choose the right term although, on the other hand, because, since, thus, on the one hand § He has a computer, ……… he thinks he is a computer scientist. § ……. he likes strawberry, he bought bananas ………. . it is cheaper. § He can’t see the movies, …… he is only 10 years old. § …………. . there is Bob my best friend, …………. there the top of the class. Who should I choose to work with ?

Correction exercises • Choose the right term although, on the other hand, because, since, thus, on the one hand § He has a computer, thus he thinks he is a computer scientist. § Although he likes strawberry, he bought bananas because it is cheaper. § He can’t see the movies, since he is only 10 years old. § On the one hand there is Bob my best friend, on the other hand there the top of the class. Who should I choose to work with ?