Some Speech Basics Phonetic Transcription Contextdependent variation and

Some Speech Basics Phonetic Transcription, Context-dependent variation, and Intonation v Jennifer J. Venditti v Postdoctoral Research Associate v Columbia Computer Science v 12 September 2002

1. Phonetic Transcription

Spelling vs. Sounds v same spelling = different sounds o comb, tomb, bomb oo blood, food, good c court, center, cheese s reason, surreal, shy v same sound = different spellings [i] sea, see, scene, receive, thief [s] cereal, same, miss [u] true, few, choose, lieu, do [ay] prime, buy, rhyme, lie v combination of letters = single sound ch child, beach th that, bathe oo good, foot gh laugh v single letter = combination of sounds x exit, Texas u use, music v ‘silent’ letters k knife, know p psycho, pterodactyl e moose, bone gh through

Figures 4. 1 and 4. 2: Jurafsky & Martin (2000), pages 94 -95.

On-line pronunciation dictionaries phoneset derived from: number of wordforms English variety LDC PRONLEX ARPAbet 90, 694 American CMUdict ARPAbet 100, 000 American CELEX IPA 160, 595 British Source: Jurafsky & Martin (2000), page 121.

Places of articulation dental labial alveolar post-alveolar/palatal velar uvular pharyngeal laryngeal/glottal http: //www. chass. utoronto. ca/~danhall/phonetics/sammy. html

Vocal fold vibration [UCLA Phonetics Lab demo]

Articulatory parameters for English consonants (in ARPAbet) MANNER OF ARTICULATION PLACE OF ARTICULATION bilabial labiodental stop p inter- alveolar palatal velar dental b fric. f v th dh t d s z affric. g q sh zh h ch jh nasal m n approx w l/r flap k glottal ng y dx VOICING: voiceless voiced

American English vowel space HIGH iy uw eh ae uh ow ey FRONT ux oy ax ah ay aw ix ih ao aa LOW BACK

[iy] vs. [uw] (From a lecture given by Rochelle Newman)

[ae] vs. [aa] (From a lecture given by Rochelle Newman)

Acoustic landmarks [p][ix][t] [ih][sh] [ax][n][p] [ae] [t][s] [iy][n] [s] [ae] [l][iy] “Patricia and Patsy and Sally” [p] [ix] [t] [ih]

Articulators in action (Sample from the Queen’s University / ATR Labs X-ray Film Database) “Why did Ken set the soggy net on top of his deck? ”

Exercise (1) 1. Write your name in: (a) IPA. (b) ARPAbet (if possible). 2. Choose one of the following triplets and transcribe each word in both IPA and ARPAbet. ® cone, tomb, bottom ® blood, fool, hook ® court, race, cheese ® reason, surreal, cash ® thing, these, other ® laugh, through, ghoul

Figures 4. 1 and 4. 2: Jurafsky & Martin (2000), pages 94 -95.

IPA consonants (Distributed by the International Phonetics Association. )

IPA vowels (Distributed by the International Phonetics Association. )

2. Context-dependent phonetic variation

Context-dependent variation v What we would consider a single ‘sound’ can be pronounced differently depending on the phonetic context. For example, the phoneme /t/: Figure 4. 8: Jurafsky & Martin (2000), page 104.

Another regular alternation v I can ask v I can see v I can bake v I can play v I can go v I can carry [ay k ae [ay k ae n ae s k] n s iy] m b ey k] m p l ey] ng g ow] ng k ae r iy] n m / __ [+labial stop] n ng / __ [+velar stop] (inopportune [n], insatiable [n], impervious [m], immortal [m], incoherent [ng], ingratitude [ng])

English plurals hiccup [p] sock [k] habit [t] spoof [f] hearth [th] hiccups socks habits spoofs hearths beach [ch] dish [sh] judge [jh] race [s] axe [s] raise [z] beaches dishes judges races axes raises flood [d] scab [b] frog [g] comb [m] grave [v] lathe [dh] fool [l] sewer [r] pies [ay] curfew [uw] sofa [ax] floods scabs frogs combs graves lathes fools sewers pies curfews sofas

Phonological rules for Engl. plurals v Assume that the lexical form of plural is /z/. v Insertion: ix / [+sibilant] ^__ z # v Devoicing: z s / [-voice] ^__ # bus+PL /b ah s +z/ insertion: b ah s +ix z devoicing: -[b ah s ix z] cape+PL /k ey p +z/ -k ey p s [k ey p s] hen+PL /h eh n +z/ --[h eh n z] /b ah s +z/ devoicing: b ah s s insertion: -*[b ah s s] /k ey p +z/ k ey p s -[k ey p s] /h eh n +z/ --[h eh n z]