SOLVING BOSTONS SMOG PROBLEM Team MARS Matt Alrutz

SOLVING BOSTON’S SMOG PROBLEM Team MARS: Matt Alrutz, Amy Chen, Robb Carrier, Sarah Dent

BACKGROUND INFORMATION • Boston currently runs 15 freight trains and 5 coal trains daily (all Tier 2) • 165, 000 tons of freight into and out of the city each day • Major smog problem • New EPA standards reduce allowed NOx emissions by 76% • City government is evaluating solutions

Clip Art POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS • Airplanes • Trucks • Ocean cargo ships • Upgrade to Tier 3 w/ aftertreatment • Upgrade to Tier 4 w/ natural gas retrofit Clip Art

TRUCKS AND AIR WERE RULED OUT BEFORE DECISION MATRIX • Trucks did not have a realistic freight capacity ● 7, 777 trucks would be needed everyday to carry 165, 000 tons 1 ● This would create traffic for the citizens and even more smog • Airplanes didn’t meet freight capacity ● Extra airline traffic would cause a decrease in commercial flights for the city’s citizens

TIER 4 UPGRADE • Pros ● Simple convenient solution ● Meets EPA standards • 76% decrease in • 22 fewer tons NOx emitted per trip 2 NOx 2 • Cons ● Cost: $200 million ● Not the highest potential decrease in emissions youtube. com/watch? v=Pte. KNg. FIL 8 U

UPGRADE TO TIER 3 W/ AFTER TREATMENT • Pros ● Cost: $155 million 2 → Cheapest option ● Simple, convenient solution ● Meets EPA standards • Cons ● Doesn’t decrease fuel consumption ● Tier 3 trains will become outdated ● Needs aftertreatment railpropulsion. com/prod-aftertreatment. php

OCEAN CARGO SHIPS • Pros worldsteel. org/media-central/Steel-news/Triple-EContainer-Ships. html ● Freight: 2 ships can carry over 165, 000 tons • Cons ● EPA standards: similar NOx output to Tier II locomotives • Over 9, 000 tons NOx per year for two ships 3 ● Fuel Cost: $141 million per year 4 • 10 X more than tier II ● Will have to change infrastructure

TIER 4 UPGRADE W/ DUAL FUEL KIT • Pros ● Decreases emissions ● Exceeds Tier 4 EPA standards ● Decreases fuel costs by over 50%2 Cons ● Costs $1. 175 billion in total 2 ● Longer ROI getransportation. com/content/nextfuel%E 2%84%A 2 natural-gas-retrofit-kits

CRITERIA FOR DETERMINING BEST SOLUTION • Meeting EPA standards (X 4 weight) • Cost of solution (X 3 weight) • ROI (X 2) • Fuel Cost/Savings (X 2) • Freight Capacity • Public Opinion • Convenience • On-Time Delivery

DECISION MATRIX

OUR SOLUTION • We decided lowering emissions as much as possible was highest priority • Sell existing fleet of locomotives and buy fleet of tier 4 locomotives • Apply Next. Fuel natural gas retrofit to tier 4 locomotives ● Allows locomotives to run on 80% LNG • Build natural gas liquefaction plant on outskirts of Boston

CHANGES TO THE TRAIN http: //hhpinsight. com/rail/2013/12/csx-to-test-lng-locomotiveswith-ge/ http: //discourse. stonehearth. net/t/trains-and-steamships/1550 ● Next. Fuel Retrofit Kit doesn’t change outside of train ○ Changes inside to allow natural gas to be released into the engine ● Need to add a 30, 000 gallon fuel car to the back of locomotive ○ this holds LNG and is connected to locomotive

CASH FLOW Expenditures ● ● ● $200 M for Tier 4 Trains $1 B Liquefaction Plant $50 M Retrofit Kit Natural Gas* Diesel Income ● $75 M for Tier 2 Trains ● Natural Gas sales* *Assume revenue from natural gas sales is equal to natural gas expenses Net Cost: $1. 175 B + Diesel Expenses

GAS CONSUMPTION Calculations • Diesel Consumed ● Find mpg per freight ton from given info, multiply by tons of freight, divide miles ● Bi-Fuel consumption adjusted for carrying weight of extra car • Cost ● 2. 5*Gal Diesel Consumed 5 • ROI ● 1. 175 B/Savings per Year

EMISSIONS Calculations • T 2 Emissions ● Given g NOx per hp hr → multiply by 4, 500 hp x 45 locomotives x 10 hrs per trip • T 4 Emissions ● Tier 4 → 76% reduction NOx Emissions • LNG Emissions ● Natural Gas → 49% reduction NOx Emissions 6 ● 80% LNG → 20% Diesel Emission Rate + 80% LNG Emission Rate

SAVINGS Calculations • Social Cost ● $18 B over next 20 years from 187, 000 tons NOx in Cali 7 ● Divide by population of Cali 8 to get cost per ton person ● Multiply by population of Boston 9 to get cost per ton in Boston ● Multiply by tons NOx emitted • ROI ● $1. 175 B divided by Total Savings

CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS

SYSTEMS DIAGRAM FOR LNG FUELING STATION 10

TRAIN ENGINE SYSTEM DIAGRAM 11

LOADING AND UNLOADING CARGO

LNG IS AN INVESTMENT IN THE FUTURE FOR THE CITY • The LNG plant is an expensive investment, but it is worth it in the long run ● EPA will continue to create stricter standards ● Smog will be reduced creating healthier citizens ● Trend away from using diesel and turning to natural gas ● Boston can sell LNG to other cities and companies ● Boston will be leading the shift to cleaner fuels

Questions ?

SOURCES 1 -"Water Transport Benefits. " Kentucky Association of Riverports, 2008. Web. 2 Dec. 2015. 2 - GE slides from presentation: sedtapp. psu. edu/design_projects/edsgn 100/fa 15/Eng. Des 100_abstract. pdf 3 - "Federal Marine Compression-Ignition (CI) Engines -- Exhaust Emission Standards. " Epa. gov. United State Environmental Protection Agency, 15 Nov. 2011. Web. 6 Dec. 2015. 4 - "North Carolina Maritime Strategy: Vessel Size v. Cost. " North Carolina Department of Transportation. North Carolina Maritime Strategy, 31 May 2011. Web. 7 Dec. 2015. http: //www. ncdot. gov/download/business/committees/logistics/maritime/tmvesselsizevscost_final. pdf 5 - US D. O. E. "Fuel Prices. " Alternative Fuels Data Center: . US D. O. E. , Oct. 2015. Web. 04 Dec. 2015. 6 - Goldfein, Adam. "Natural Gas Vehicle Emissions - Adam Goldfein. " Adam Goldfein. N. p. , n. d. Web. 04 Dec. 2015. 7 - "Emissions and Health Benefits of Regulation of In Use Off Road Diesel Vehicles. " Arb. ca. gov. California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resource Board, 20 Sept. 2007. Web. 6 Dec. 2015. <http: //www. arb. ca. gov/msprog/ordiesel/documents/OFRDDIESELhealth. FS. pdf>.

SOURCES 8 - "California Quick. Facts from the US Census Bureau. " California Quick. Facts from the US Census Bureau, 1 Dec. 2015. Web. 04 Dec. 2015. 9 - "Boston (city) Quick. Facts from the US Census Bureau. " Boston (city) Quick. Facts from the US Census Bureau, 2 Dec. 2015. Web. 04 Dec. 2015. 10 - "Liquefaction Technology. " CHIYODA CORPORATION. Chiyoda Corporation. Web. 6 Dec. 2015 11 - Nice, Karim. "How Diesel Locomotives Work. " How. Stuff. Works. com, n. d. Web. 06 Dec. 2015. Carder, Daniel K. , Mridul Gautam, Gregory J. Thompson, and Ryan A. Barnett. "Determination of In-Use Brake. Specific Emissions from Off-Road Equipment Powered by Mechanically Controlled Diesel Engines. " SAE Technical Paper Series (2002): n. pag. Web.

PICTURE SOURCES • • • railnews. co. in/ge-transportation-announces-latest-rail-software-innovations youtube. com/watch? v=Pte. KNg. FIL 8 U railpropulsion. com/prod-aftertreatment. php worldsteel. org/media-central/Steel-news/Triple-E-Container-Ships. html getransportation. com/content/nextfuel%E 2%84%A 2 -natural-gas-retro-kits