Solutions Mixtures Varied Ratio Homogeneous True Solutions Soluble

Solutions

Mixtures (Varied Ratio) Homogeneous • True Solutions (Soluble) • Solubility – Ability to dissolve in solution • (aq) See only 1 part • Separated by evaporation • Contains 2 Parts 1. Solute – The substance that is being dissolved 2. Solvent – What is doing the dissolving (Water) Heterogeneous • See Multiple parts • Sand/ water, Dirt, Rocky road ice cream • Separated by filtration

Factors that effect Solubility PANT 1. Pressure (g only) - P Solubility 2. Agitation – stirring (s) will Solubility 3. Nature of Solvent /solute 1. “Like dissolves like” 1. Water (polar) will dissolve Salts (Ionic-polar) 2. Water (Polar) does not dissolve fats –oils (non-polar) 4. Temperature - T Solubility (solids only) T Solubility (Gas…think soda)

3 Types of Solutions Unsaturated, Saturated and Supersaturated Table G All BASED ON 100 g OF WATER as the SOLVENT Unsaturated 1. A solution that contains less solute than it can actually hold at any given temperature 2. Said to be “below the line” X

3 Types of Solutions Unsaturated, Saturated and Supersaturated Table G Saturated 1. A solution that contains the Maximum amount of solute that it can actually hold at any given temperature 2. Said to be “on the line” X

Saturated 1. A solution that contains the Maximum amount of solute that it can actually hold at any given temperature 2. Said to be “on the line” 3. If more solute is present, a precipitate (ppt) will form on the bottom 4. Seen ONLY in saturated Solutions Problem: At 60’C, 128 g of Na. NO 3 will dissolve in 100 g of water. If this sample of water is cooled to 35 ‘C, How much Na. NO 3 will still be dissolved in the water? How much ppt will form? X

3 Types of Solutions Unsaturated, Saturated and Supersaturated Table G Super Saturated 1. A solution (Forced) that contains More solute than it can actually hold at any given temperature 2. Said to be “above the line” X

Making a Super Saturated Solution

Phase Equilibrium Seen only with Saturated Solutions Rate of dissolving = Rate of Crystalizing

Phase Equilibrium Seen only with Saturated Solutions

Table G - Solubility Curves 1. All based on 100 g of Water as the Solvent 2. So…. If you have 200 g of water, you must double all the values 3. If you have 300 g of water, ________________ 4. If you have 50 g of water , ________________

Concentration 1. Measured by Molarity 1 Gram of H 2 O = 1 ml 1 L = 1000 ml Parts Per Million (ppm) = Mass of solute x Mass of Solution 1, 000

Below are the two equations needed to perform the concentration calculations needed for the first 12 questions of this sheet. You may recognize them from the back cover of your Reference Tables.

What is the molarity of a solution which has a total volume of 100 m. L and contains 3 moles of Na. Cl? What is the molarity of a solution that contains 1. 5 moles of Na. NO 3 in 2. 5 Liters of solution? A solution is made that contains 1. 25 moles of sugar in 175 m. L of solution. What is the molarity of the solution?

A 4 molar solution of ammonium chloride will contain how many moles of solute in 100 m. L of solution? Given a 250 m. L sample of a solution that is 0. 25 molar, how many moles of the solute do you possess?

How many moles of KNO 3 are needed to make 0. 750 L of a 3. 25 M solution? What volume of solution, measured in liters, is necessary to obtain 1 mole of solute if the concentration of the solution is 1. 25 M?

If a sample of solution contains 1. 5 moles of sodium hydroxide, and the concentration of the solution is 0. 8 M, then what volume of the solution do you possess? Given a 1. 4 M Na. Cl solution, 0. 90 moles of sodium chloride would be contained in how many milliliters of the solution? If you have made a 455 ppm solution, how many grams of sodium chloride are in 1000 grams of the solution?

When 0. 0043 grams of O 2 is dissolved in 100 m. L of water, what is the concentration of the solution, measured in ppm? A substance has a solubility of 350 ppm. How many grams of the substance are present in 1. 5 L of solution?

13. What is the percent by volume of ethanol if 50. 0 m. L of ethanol is diluted with water to form a total volume of 300. 0 m. L? 14. How many milliliters of a liquid were used to make a 13% solution with a total volume of 80 m. L? 15. What volume of a 35% solution of alcohol can be made using 20 m. L of the solute? 16) A rock contains 15 grams of calcium carbonate and 85 grams of other substances, what is the composition of the rock as measured in percent by mass?

Below are the two equations needed to perform the concentration calculations needed for the first 12 questions of this sheet. You may recognize them from the back cover of your Reference Tables. What is the molarity of a solution which has a total volume of 100 m. L and contains 3 moles of Na. Cl? • What is the molarity of a solution that contains 1. 5 moles of Na. NO 3 in 2. 5 Liters of solution? • A solution is made that contains 1. 25 moles of sugar in 175 m. L of solution. What is the molarity of the solution? • A 4 molar solution of ammonium chloride will contain how many moles of solute in 100 m. L of solution? • Given a 250 m. L sample of a solution that is 0. 25 molar, how many moles of the solute do you possess?

• How many moles of KNO 3 are needed to make 0. 750 L of a 3. 25 M solution? • What volume of solution, measured in liters, is necessary to obtain 1 mole of solute if the concentration of the solution is 1. 25 M? • If a sample of solution contains 1. 5 moles of sodium hydroxide, and the concentration of the solution is 0. 8 M, then what volume of the solution do you possess?

• Given a 1. 4 M Na. Cl solution, 0. 90 moles of sodium chloride would be contained in how many milliliters of the solution? • If you have made a 455 ppm solution, how many grams of sodium chloride are in 1000 grams of the solution? • When 0. 0043 grams of O 2 is dissolved in 100 m. L of water, what is the concentration of the solution, measured in ppm? • A substance has a solubility of 350 ppm. How many grams of the substance are present in 1. 5 L of solution?

• What is the percent by volume of ethanol if 50. 0 m. L of ethanol is diluted with water to form a total volume of 300. 0 m. L? • How many milliliters of a liquid were used to make a 13% solution with a total volume of 80 m. L? • What volume of a 35% solution of alcohol can be made using 20 m. L of the solute? 16) A rock contains 15 grams of calcium carbonate and 85 grams of other substances, what is the composition of the rock as measured in percent by mass?

Molarity by Dilution 1. Done using the Titration equation but make a change! M 1 V 1 = M 2 V 2

Electrolytes • Substances that when put into solution, will dissociate in solution • DISSOCIATION – the ability to break up into their component ions in solution • It is the “Mobile Ions” that give the solution the ability to conduct electricity • Ionics (Polar Substances) have this ability • Good Electrolytes (Salts, Acids and Bases) • Non-electrolytes (covalent compounds)