Solubility Equilibrium Solubility Product Constant Ksp solubility product
![Solubility Equilibrium Solubility Equilibrium](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/6ad51f2d5f4e31617dcad7049ee6837e/image-1.jpg)
Solubility Equilibrium
![Solubility Product Constant Ksp: solubility product constant The product of the concentrations of the Solubility Product Constant Ksp: solubility product constant The product of the concentrations of the](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/6ad51f2d5f4e31617dcad7049ee6837e/image-2.jpg)
Solubility Product Constant Ksp: solubility product constant The product of the concentrations of the ions each raised to a power equal to the coefficient of the ion in the dissociation equation Smaller the numerical value, lower the solubility Pb. Cr. O 4 Pb 2+ + Cr. O 42 Ksp = [Pb 2+][Cr. O 42 -]= 1. 8 x 10 -14
![Predicting Precipitants Ksp can be used to predict if precipitants will form If the Predicting Precipitants Ksp can be used to predict if precipitants will form If the](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/6ad51f2d5f4e31617dcad7049ee6837e/image-3.jpg)
Predicting Precipitants Ksp can be used to predict if precipitants will form If the product of the concentration of the two ions in soln is greater than the Ksp, a precipitant will form 0. 50 L of 0. 002 M Ba(NO 3)2 is mixed with 0. 50 L of 0. 008 MNa 2 SO 4. Insoluble compound: Ba. SO 4 Ksp: 1. 1 x 10 -10 (found in a chart) [ions] are ½ because the volume was doubled [Ba 2+]x[SO 42 -] (0. 001 M)(0. 004 M)=4 x 10 -6>1. 1 x 10 -10 (Ksp) Precipitant forms
![Common Ion: an ion that is found in both salts and a solution. Add Common Ion: an ion that is found in both salts and a solution. Add](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/6ad51f2d5f4e31617dcad7049ee6837e/image-4.jpg)
Common Ion: an ion that is found in both salts and a solution. Add lead nitrate to a saturated solution of lead chromate dec. solubility of lead chromate Common Ion Effect: lowering solubility from addition of a common ion
![Entropy and Free Energy Entropy and Free Energy](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/6ad51f2d5f4e31617dcad7049ee6837e/image-5.jpg)
Entropy and Free Energy
![Free Energy and Spontaneous Rxn. Free Energy: energy that is available to do work Free Energy and Spontaneous Rxn. Free Energy: energy that is available to do work](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/6ad51f2d5f4e31617dcad7049ee6837e/image-6.jpg)
Free Energy and Spontaneous Rxn. Free Energy: energy that is available to do work Engines ~30% efficient Most Living things only reach 70% efficiency Spontaneous Reaction: occurs naturally and favors the formation of products Produce substantial amounts of products at equilibrium and release free energy Nonspontaneous Reaction: doesn’t favor the formation of products nor give substantial amounts of products
![Spontaneous and Nonspontaneous terms do not refer to reaction rates Some spontaneous reactions Spontaneous and Nonspontaneous terms do not refer to reaction rates Some spontaneous reactions](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/6ad51f2d5f4e31617dcad7049ee6837e/image-7.jpg)
Spontaneous and Nonspontaneous terms do not refer to reaction rates Some spontaneous reactions go so slowly they appear nonspontaneous Changes in temperature or pressure may be needed to determine if a reaction is spontaneous Coupling a nonspontaneous and a spontaneous reaction can allow a nonspontaneous reaction to occur
![Entropy Measure of disorder Law of Disorder: the natural tendency is for a system Entropy Measure of disorder Law of Disorder: the natural tendency is for a system](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/6ad51f2d5f4e31617dcad7049ee6837e/image-8.jpg)
Entropy Measure of disorder Law of Disorder: the natural tendency is for a system to more in the direction of maximum disorder and randomness Increase in Entropy favors spontaneous reactions Decreases in Entropy favors nonspontaneous reactions
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![The size and direction of enthalpy changes and entropy changes together determine whether The size and direction of enthalpy changes and entropy changes together determine whether](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/6ad51f2d5f4e31617dcad7049ee6837e/image-10.jpg)
The size and direction of enthalpy changes and entropy changes together determine whether a reaction is spontaneous Favors products and free energy is releases Spontaneous if Exothermic: decrease enthalpy (H) Increase entropy ( S) Nonspontaneous if: Endothermic: increase enthalpy (H) Decrease entropy ( S)
![Gibbs Free Energy Maximum amount of energy that can be coupled to another process Gibbs Free Energy Maximum amount of energy that can be coupled to another process](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h2/6ad51f2d5f4e31617dcad7049ee6837e/image-11.jpg)
Gibbs Free Energy Maximum amount of energy that can be coupled to another process to do useful work. G = H - T S Temperature (K) G is negative: spontaneous process G is positive: nonspontaneous process
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