Solomon 2003 Benjamin Thomas Solomon P O Box
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • A New Approach to Gravity & Space Propulsion Systems Benjamin Thomas Solomon B. Sc. (Elec. Eng), Dip. O. R. , M. A. O. R. , M. B. S. (Banking & Finance) Quantum. Risk. com May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 1
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • Introduction 1. This paper presents a portion of a new technology, Post. Newtonian Propulsion Technology (PNPT), it is hoped will revolutionize space propulsion systems. 2. There still are gaps in the body of knowledge pertaining to this technology, and with enough funding and scientific scrutiny, this technology will present viable space propulsion systems within this decade. May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 2
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • Paper Overview 1. The Trouble with Time. 2. Time Dilation Gravity Model. 3. Momentum Exchange Bypass 4. Current Research 5. Post Newtonian Propulsion Technology (PNPT) Experimental Results 6. New Technology Options 7. Technology Sensitivity Analysis 8. Future Spacecraft Designs May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 3
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 1. The Trouble with Time May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 4
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 1. The Trouble with Time: Paradoxes [1] 1. Time travel can only be possible if we can prove, without unresolvable paradoxes, an effect prior to cause, for any case within the boundaries defined by the wormhole mechanics. 2. “Our current understanding” is the crux of the issue here. Lets explore options in an unbounded manner. [1] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, “Wormholes Create Unresolvable Paradoxes”, Journal of Theoretics, August 6, 2001, Vol. 34, http: //www. journaloftheoretics. com/ May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 5
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 1. The Trouble with Time: Explanations [1] 1. One possible explanation is that the wormhole mechanics is not correct. It might be mathematically correct but not the correct model of the universe. 2. If we start with the axiom that there is no past or future, only the present, then wormholes always return us to the present. We observe the past only because the fastest signals, light, takes time to travel across vast distances, but what is happening ‘now’, in that vast distance, is different from what we are observing ‘now’. [1] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, “Wormholes Create Unresolvable Paradoxes”, Journal of Theoretics, August 6, 2001, Vol. 34, http: //www. journaloftheoretics. com/ May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 6
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 1. The Trouble with Time: Explanations [1] 3. In order for any theory of time travel to be viable, we must first resolve any paradoxes or at least expose them of not being paradoxes. Only then can we develop any plausible theory of time travel. [1] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, “Wormholes Create Unresolvable Paradoxes”, Journal of Theoretics, August 6, 2001, Vol. 34, http: //www. journaloftheoretics. com/ May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 7
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 1. The Trouble with Time: The Universe [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0 -9720116 -2 -5, March 2003 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 8
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 1. The Trouble with Time: Conclusion [2] 1. Alternatives: The Expanding Universe as Surface Model provides an alternative explanation to “dark energy” [3]. 2. Centripetal Force: An expanding and rotating Universe would experience a centripetal force, which would fling all the galaxies apart at an ever-increasing rate. This explanation would circumvent the need to invent a “dark” energy. 3. Fundamentally Incorrect: Most importantly, it suggests that modern theories about spacetime that allow for time travel are fundamentally incorrect. [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0 -9720116 -2 -5, March 2003 [3] Andrew Chaikin, “Dark Energy: Astronomers Still 'Clueless' About Mystery Force Pushing Galaxies Apart”, Editor, Space & Science posted: 07: 00 am ET 15 January 2002, http: //www. space. com/scienceastronomy/cosmic_darknrg_020115 -1. html May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 9
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 2. Time Dilation Gravity Model May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 10
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 2. Time Dilation Gravity Model: The Mechanics [4] Time not dilated. Time is dilated. Y X Z Center of mass of left hemisphere. Original center of mass, of right hemisphere. Elongation of the right hemisphere of a particle cloud. New center of mass of right hemisphere. [4] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, “An Epiphany On Gravity”, Journal of Theoretics, December 3, 2001, Vol. 3 -6, http: //www. journaloftheoretics. com/ May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 11
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 2. Time Dilation Gravity Model: The Mechanics [4] The new center of mass, SCM, is, SCM = (3/8) sxo (dxd/dxo - 1) Therefore, the center of mass of the particle probability cloud has shifted further to the right, in keeping with the direction of time dilation. [4] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, “An Epiphany On Gravity”, Journal of Theoretics, December 3, 2001, Vol. 3 -6, http: //www. journaloftheoretics. com/ May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 12
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 2. Time Dilation Gravity Model: The Mechanics [4] 1. s = (3/8) sxo. t 2. The distanced moved by the particle is a function of the change in time dilation at that point. Note that the change in time dilation, t, is not the same as the duration taken to move. To put it another way, when time dilation is constant with respect to a particle’s frame of reference, the particle is stationary with respect to its own fame of reference. When time dilation is non-linear, the particle is displaced and therefore experiences motion with respect to its own frame of reference. 3. 4. 5. [4] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, “An Epiphany On Gravity”, Journal of Theoretics, December 3, 2001, Vol. 3 -6, http: //www. journaloftheoretics. com/ May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 13
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 2. Time Dilation Gravity Model: The Gravitational Effect [4] The gravitational effect can be summarized as follows, 1. Time dilation distorts the shape of a particle’s probability cloud in the direction of increasing time contraction. 2. This distortion of the particle’s probability cloud results in the shifting of the center of mass of the particle in the direction of increasing time contraction. 3. The net effect is that the center of mass of the particle moves in the direction of increasing time contraction. 4. This effect in space is called a gravitational field. [4] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, “An Epiphany On Gravity”, Journal of Theoretics, December 3, 2001, Vol. 3 -6, http: //www. journaloftheoretics. com/ May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 14
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 2. Time Dilation Gravity Model: Summary [2] When time dilation is zero, particle is symmetrical and spherical. Particle’s own frame of reference Time dilation field [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0 -9720116 -2 -5, March 2003 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 15
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 2. Time Dilation Gravity Model: Summary [2] When time dilation is not zero, particle is symmetrical but ellipsoidal. Particle’s own frame of reference Time dilation field [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0 -9720116 -2 -5, March 2003 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 16
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 2. Time Dilation Gravity Model: Summary [2] When time dilation is non-linear, particle is asymmetrical & ellipsoidal. Particle’s own frame of reference Time dilation field [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0 -9720116 -2 -5, March 2003 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 17
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 2. Time Dilation Gravity Model: Lorentz/Escape Velocity[4] 1. Assuming that at infinity, to = 1, reduces the equation to, vf = c √ (1 – 1/tv 2) 2. where vf is the free fall or equivalent Lorentz/time dilation velocity when time dilation is tv, assuming that this relationship holds. [4] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, “An Epiphany On Gravity”, Journal of Theoretics, December 3, 2001, Vol. 3 -6, http: //www. journaloftheoretics. com/ May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 18
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 2. Time Dilation Gravity Model: Lorentz/Escape Velocity[4] That is, the acceleration experienced by a falling body is governed solely by the change in time dilation in the gravitational field. [4] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, “An Epiphany On Gravity”, Journal of Theoretics, December 3, 2001, Vol. 3 -6, http: //www. journaloftheoretics. com/ May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 19
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 2. Time Dilation Gravity Model: Lorentz Transformation Breakout [2] 1. Zero-Point Particles: The logical extrapolation is, particles that do not exhibit a probability density volume will be impervious to gravitational effects. 2. Lorentz Transformation Breakout: Not having probability density shape makes these particles impervious to relativistic effects. 3. Zero Shifting: Substituting sxo = 0, particle size is zero, results in, 4. SCM = (3/8). 0. (t. R - t. L) = 5. (no change in center of mass) 0 [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0 -9720116 -2 -5, March 2003 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 20
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 2. Time Dilation Gravity Model: Lorentz Transformation Breakout [2] 4. Short Distance Breakdown: Even if (t. R - t. L) > 0, this hypothesis does not breakdown at very short distances approaching zero. 5. New Approach: Yes, this hypothesis suggests an approach that can be used to breakout of the relativistic bind of Lorentz transformations. [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0 -9720116 -2 -5, March 2003 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 21
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 2. Time Dilation Gravity Model: Conclusion [2] 1. Virtual Field: The “Gravitational Field” is not real. It is a Virtual Field. 2. Real Effect: The “Gravitational Effect” is real, and purely the result of the non-linearity of time dilation. 3. Implicit Assumptions: This Time Dilation Gravity Model does not implicitly assume an UP or DOWN, for the model to work. [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0 -9720116 -2 -5, March 2003 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 22
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 2. Time Dilation Gravity Model: Conclusion [2] 4. Narrow Scope: Any gravitational model that implicitly assumes an UP or Down is too narrow in scope to deliver future space propulsion technologies. 5. Breakout Possibilities: It is possible to breakout of the relativistic bind of Lorentz Transformation equations. [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0 -9720116 -2 -5, March 2003 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 23
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 3. Momentum Exchange Bypass May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 24
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 3. Momentum Exchange Bypass: Review [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0 -9720116 -2 -5, March 2003 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 25
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 3. Momentum Exchange Bypass: Collision Effects [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0 -9720116 -2 -5, March 2003 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 26
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 3. Momentum Exchange Bypass: Collision Effects [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0 -9720116 -2 -5, March 2003 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 27
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 3. Momentum Exchange Bypass: Virtual Collision [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0 -9720116 -2 -5, March 2003 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 28
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 3. Momentum Exchange Bypass: Virtual Collision [2] 1. At this point, all I can say is, the direction of the time dilation, holds the key to the momentum vector. 2. In compressing and bouncing back, the probability cloud is able to use the direction of time dilation to change the momentum vector. 3. This behavior of the probability density shape/size in the absence of a real particle is termed Momentum Exchange Bypass. [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0 -9720116 -2 -5, March 2003 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 29
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 3. Momentum Exchange Bypass: Conclusion [2] 1. Consistency: The Momentum Exchange Bypass presented here is based on the Time Dilation Gravity model, and is therefore, consistent with this model. 2. Not Straightforward: If the Time Dilation Gravity hypothesis is correct, then there is a lot more to momentum exchange than straightforward transfer of kinetic energy and momentum vectors. 3. A Process: Momentum exchange is a process. This process is able to change vectors, using apparently scalar functions, time dilation and probability density. [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0 -9720116 -2 -5, March 2003 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 30
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 3. Momentum Exchange Bypass: Conclusion [2] 4. Intercede: Given that momentum exchange is a process, using electromagnetism, one is then able to intercede in this process to deliver virtual momentum exchange behavior, termed, Momentum Exchange Bypass. 5. More Research: Most importantly, Momentum Exchange Bypass suggests that there is more to be done with regard to our understanding of momentum exchange. 6. Propulsion Systems: If Momentum Exchange Bypass is real, then we are on our way to achieving true propellantless propulsion systems. [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0 -9720116 -2 -5, March 2003 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 31
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 4. Current Research May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 32
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 4. Current Research: 1992, Superconducting Ceramics [5] 1. Shielding properties of single-phase dense bulk superconducting ceramics of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 -x against the gravitational force were studied at temperatures below 77 K. 2. A small non-conducting and non-magnetic sample weighing 5. 48 g was placed over a levitating superconducting disk and the loss of weight was measured with high precision using an electro-optical balance system. [5] E. Podkletnov and R. Nieminen, “A possibility of gravitational force shielding by bulk YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 -x superconductor”, Physica C 2 O 3 (1992) 441 -444, http: //www. gravity-society. org/phc. txt May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 33
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 4. Current Research: 1992, Superconducting Ceramics [5] 3. The sample was found to lose from 0. 05 to 0. 3% of its weight, depending on the rotation speed of the superconducting disk. 4. Partial loss of weight might be the result of a certain state of energy which exists inside the crystal structure of the superconductor at low temperatures. 5. The unusual state of energy might have changed a regular interaction between electromagnetic, nuclear and gravitational forces inside a solid body and is responsible for the gravity shielding effect. [5] E. Podkletnov and R. Nieminen, “A possibility of gravitational force shielding by bulk YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 -x superconductor”, Physica C 2 O 3 (1992) 441 -444, http: //www. gravity-society. org/phc. txt May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 34
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 4. Current Research: 1995, Hooper’s Self-Canceling Coils [6] 1. Experiments were conducted to test assertions from Patent 3, 610, 971, by W. J. Hooper that self-canceling electromagnetic coils can reduce the weight of objects placed underneath. 2. No weight changes were observed within the detectability of the instrumentation. 3. More careful examination of the patent and other reports from Hooper led to the conclusion that Hooper may have misinterpreted thermal effects as his 'Motional Field' effects. 4. There is a possibility that the claimed effects are below the detection thresholds of the instrumentation used for these tests. [6] NASA. Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH. MILLIS, MARC G. WILLIAMSON, GARY SCOTT JUN. 1995 12 PAGES, 31 st Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, San Diego CA, 10 -12 Jul. 1995; sponsored by AIAA, ASME, SAE, and ASEE NASA-TM-106963 E-9719 NAS 1. 15: 106963 AIAA PAPER 95 -2601 Avail: CASI HC A 03/MF A 01 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 35
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 4. Current Research: 1998, Superconducting Disks [7] 1. We report experiments on RF-illuminated (1 -15 MHz) superconducting disks with corresponding gravity readings indicating an apparent increase in observed gravity of approximately 3 -5 x 10^-5 cm/s^2, above and to the side of the superconductor. 2. The observed gravitational modification range is significantly lower than the 2. 1% gravity modification reported by Podkletnov. [7] David Noever & Ron Koczor, "Radio-frequency illuminated superconductive disks: Reverse Josephson effects and implications for precise measuring of proposed gravity effects. " Mail Code: ES 76 Space Sciences Lab, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812, Abstract for NASA JPL-Ninth Advanced Space Propulsion Research Workshop and Conference, Pasadena, CA March 11 -13, 1998 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 36
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 4. Current Research: 1998, Rotating Magnetic Fields [8] 1. This configuration was applied with and without a permanent DC magnetic field levitating the superconducting disk, with corresponding gravity readings indicating an apparent increase in observed gravity of less than 1 x 10^-6 cm/s^2, measured above the superconductor. [8] David Noever, Ron Koczor, and Rick Roberson*, "Superconductor-mediated modification of gravity? AC motor experiments with bulk YBCO disks in rotating magnetic fields. " NASA MSFC ES 76, Space Sciences Lab, Huntsville, AL 35812, 34 th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, Cleveland Convention Center, Cleveland, OH July 12 -15, 1998, Special Session of Breakthrough Propulsion Physics (Session 6 -APC-1), AIAA-98 -3139 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 37
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 4. Current Research: 2001, Gravity Shielding- NASA [9] 1. The general conclusion is that the results of these tests gave a null result. 2. Further, it is concluded that the balance is sensitive to mass changes at room temperature and down to approximately – 175 C. . . T. Robertson, “Exploration of Anomalous Gravity Effects by rf-Pumped Magnetized High-T Superconducting Oxides”, AIAA -2001 -3364, NASA Marshall, Huntsville, AL http: //www. grc. nasa. gov/WWW/bpp/pdf/Robertson-JPC. PDF May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 38
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 4. Current Research: Conclusion Nobody’s got it. “. . . But no one has succeeded in duplicating Podkletov’s results. . . NASA decided to spend $600, 000 to prove or disprove theory once and for all” [10] Frank Vizard, “Grappling with Gravity, Out of the Box or Totally Out of Bounds? ”, Popular Science, June 2002, Page 36 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 39
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 5. PNPT Experiments May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 40
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 5. PNPT Experiments: First Generation Experiments [11] Device A 1, aligned with the Earth’s magnetic field Device A 1, aligned perpendicularly to the Earth’s magnetic field Motion predicted by conceptual framework [11] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, “Post-Newtonian Propulsion Technology”, International Space Development Conference 2001, May 24 -28, Albuquerque, NM May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 41
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 5. PNPT Experiments: Second Generation Experiments (2 GE) [11] Device A 1, aligned with the Earth’s magnetic field Device A 1, aligned perpendicularly to the Earth’s magnetic field Motion predicted by conceptual framework [11] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, “Post-Newtonian Propulsion Technology”, International Space Development Conference 2001, May 24 -28, Albuquerque, NM May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 42
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 5. PNPT Experiments: 2 GE Weight Loss [11] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, “Post-Newtonian Propulsion Technology”, International Space Development Conference 2001, May 24 -28, Albuquerque, NM May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 43
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 5. PNPT Experiments: 2 GE Superconductivity (Once) [11] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, “Post-Newtonian Propulsion Technology”, International Space Development Conference 2001, May 24 -28, Albuquerque, NM May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 44
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 5. PNPT Experiments: Experimental Summary as at April 2001 [11] Results Achieved Period 1 mm deflection Nov/99 – Feb/00 0. 1 g weight loss (1 hour) Dec/99 – Jan/00 0. 5 g weight loss (3 hours) Jan/99 – Feb/00 1. 0 g weight loss (3 hours) Mar/00 – Aug/00 3. 0 g weight loss (3 hours) Aug/00 – Sep/00 3. 0 g weight loss (1 hour) Apr/01 [11] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, “Post-Newtonian Propulsion Technology”, International Space Development Conference 2001, May 24 -28, Albuquerque, NM May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 45
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 5. PNPT Experiments: 2 GE Device type ‘B’ [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0 -9720116 -2 -5, March 2003 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 46
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 5. PNPT Experiments: 2 GE Device ‘B 2’, Electrical Characteristics [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0 -9720116 -2 -5, March 2003 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 47
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 5. PNPT Experiments: 2 GE Device ‘B 2’, Weight Loss [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0 -9720116 -2 -5, March 2003 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 48
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 5. PNPT Experiments: 2 GE Device type ‘J’ [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0 -9720116 -2 -5, March 2003 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 49
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 5. PNPT Experiments: 2 GE Device ‘J 1’, Electrical Characteristics [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0 -9720116 -2 -5, March 2003 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 50
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 5. PNPT Experiments: 2 GE Device ‘J 1’, Weight Loss [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0 -9720116 -2 -5, March 2003 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 51
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 5. PNPT Experiments: Basic Observations in Physics [2] 1. Experimental repeatability. 2. Not due to the Earth’s magnetic field. 3. No electric field no force. 4. No magnetic field no force. 5. Not due to the “oxygen” effect. 6. Both electric and magnetic fields must be present to observe a force. 7. Increased m-current increases net weight change. 8. Reverse the electric field and weight change is reversed. 9. Turn it upside down & weight change is reversed. [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0 -9720116 -2 -5, March 2003 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 52
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 5. PNPT Experiments: Video Stop of Video May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 53
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 6. New Technology Options May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 54
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 6. New Technology Options: Comparisons [2] NASA / Current Research Criteria PNPT (BTS) Built designs that should work Yes, they work No Built designs that should not work Yes, they don’t work No Operates at Room Temperature or Higher Yes No Does Not Use Superconductors Yes No Does Not Use Exotic Materials Yes No Has No Moving Parts Yes No Portable Yes No [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0 -9720116 -2 -5, March 2003 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 55
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 6. New Technology Options: Technology Ladder [2] Commercial Applications Prototypes Recognized Theories Experimental Devices Experimental Verification Hypothesis Concepts Recognition PNPT/BTS 2003 -2007 NASA / Current Research Scientific Community? 1999 -2003 2001 -Rudimentary 1973 -1999 1973 Observed Anomalies 1996? -2003? 1992 Unknown [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0 -9720116 -2 -5, March 2003 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 56
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 6. New Technology Options: NASA’s Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Consortium concepts [12]: 1. Technical Challenge 1 - MASS: Discover new propulsion methods that eliminate or dramatically reduce the need for propellant 2. Technical Challenge 2 - SPEED: Discover how to circumvent existing limits to dramatically reduce transit times. 3. Technical Challenge 3 - ENERGY: Discover fundamentally new modes of onboard energy generation to power these propulsion devices. [12] TD 15 -PLN-015, John H. Glenn Research Center Baseline, 21000 Brookpark Rd. , Cleveland OH 44135 December 4, 2000. Project Plan for Breakthrough Propulsion Physics (BPP) Space Transportation Research Investment Area May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 57
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 6. New Technology Options: Breaking the Rules [2] 1. Interstellar Travel is not feasible with present day conventional wisdom. 2. If Interstellar Travel is to be a reality, we have to break the rules of conventional wisdom but remain within the orbit of rigorous logic. [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0 -9720116 -2 -5, March 2003 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 58
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 6. New Technology Options: Interstellar Technology Objectives [2] Objectives Supporting Concepts 1. Journey Integrity Post-Newtonian Propulsion Zero Propellant Replenishment Unbounded Energy Onboard 2. Propulsion Systems Integrity Post-Newtonian Propulsion 3. Live Systems Integrity Trivial Travel Times 4. Navigation Integrity No Unique Reference Required 5. Communications Integrity Super Luminal Communications [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0 -9720116 -2 -5, March 2003 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 59
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 6. New Technology Options: Paradigm Shift Required [2] 1. the 2. Concept 1: Post-Newtonian Propulsion. Technology Approach: from away shift Paradigm concept of momentum exchange. Future propulsion systems need to utilize Momentum Exchange Bypass. This avoids the ZPR problem altogether. 3. [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0 -9720116 -2 -5, March 2003 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 60
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 6. New Technology Options: Paradigm Shift Required [2] 1. the 2. n 3. Concept 2: Trivial Travel Times. Technology Approach: from away shift Paradigm concept of velocity and duration. Technology Required: that engines Invent spacetime. Post Newtonian Propulsion Technology is the only option right now. [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0 -9720116 -2 -5, March 2003 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 61
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 6. New Technology Options: Paradigm Shift Required [2] 1. Concept 3: Replenishment. 2. Technology Approach: Invent new propulsion methods that eliminate the need for propellants. 3. Technology Required: True propellantless propulsion. Nuclear based propulsion is a close choice but not quite it. Zero Propellant [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0 -9720116 -2 -5, March 2003 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 62
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 6. New Technology Options: Paradigm Shift Required [2] 1. Concept 4: 2. Technology Approach: Invent/develop new energy sources/storage that provide unlimited or nearly unlimited propulsion energy requirements. 3. Technology Required: Unbounded Energy Onboard. This we have. It is nuclear energy. [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0 -9720116 -2 -5, March 2003 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 63
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 6. New Technology Options: Paradigm Shift Required [2] 1. Concept 5: 2. Technology Approach: Invent/develop navigation systems that eliminate the need for a central point of reference. Independent of Earth bound communications & references. 3. Technology Required: Stellar Fingerprinting. to able be To look at the mass of stars and recognize where we are. Use pulsars? No Unique Reference. [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0 -9720116 -2 -5, March 2003 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 64
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 6. New Technology Options: Paradigm Shift Required [2] 1. us 2. Concept 6: Bypass Velocity of Light. Technology Approach: require voyages space Deep invent new communications technologies that does bypass the speed of light. 3. [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0 -9720116 -2 -5, March 2003 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 65
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 6. New Technology Options: Technology Summary (BTS) [2] Objectives Concepts State of Technology 1. Journey Integrity Post-Newtonian Propulsion Feasible - Experimental (BTS) Zero Propellant Replenishment Feasible – NASA/Air Force/Navy Unbounded Energy Onboard Available – Nuclear - NASA/Navy 2. Propulsion Systems Integrity Post-Newtonian Propulsion Feasible - Experimental (BTS) 3. Live Systems Integrity Trivial Travel Times Unknown 4. Navigation Integrity No Unique Reference Feasible – NASA/Air Force/Navy 5. Communications Integrity Photon Teleportation Feasible – Australian National University [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0 -9720116 -2 -5, March 2003 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 66
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 7. Technology Sensitivity Analysis May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 67
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 7. Technology Sensitivity Analysis: Current Technology Travel between Earth and Moon. Communications Integrity Radio Journey Integrity Earth Assisted Zero Propellant Replenishment Tolerable Travel Times Navigation Integrity Propulsion Systems Integrity Live Systems Integrity Non-Critical Vital Critical [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0 -9720116 -2 -5, March 2003 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 68
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 7. Technology Sensitivity Analysis: Advanced Technology Travel beyond the Moon but within the Solar System. Communications Integrity Radio Journey Integrity No Unique Reference Tolerable Travel Times Unbounded Energy Onboard Zero Propellant Re-fuelling Navigation Integrity Propulsion Systems Integrity Tolerable Travel Live Systems Integrity Times Non-Critical Vital Critical [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0 -9720116 -2 -5, March 2003 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 69
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 7. Technology Sensitivity Analysis: Future Technology Travel beyond the Solar System. Communications Integrity Bypass Speed of Light Journey Integrity No Unique Reference Navigation Integrity Propulsion Systems Integrity One & The Same Trivial Travel Live Systems Integrity Times Non-Critical Vital Critical [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0 -9720116 -2 -5, March 2003 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 70
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 8. Future Spacecraft Designs May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 71
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 8. Future Spacecraft Designs: Newtonian Technology Design Shuttle Like Spacecrafts (SLS): Unfortunately, this is not the future. Pictures courtesy of NASA, http: //spaceflight. nasa. gov/shuttle/reference/basics/orbiter/index. html http: //spaceflight. nasa. gov/shuttle/reference/basics/index. html May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 72
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 8. Future Spacecraft Designs: Newtonian Technology Design Ion Propulsion: Unfortunately, this too, is not the future. Picture courtesy of NASA, http: //www. nasa. gov/extend/HP_ELT_Feature_03. html May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 73
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 8. Future Spacecraft Designs: Key Design Considerations 1. Silicon wafers can be laid out in two compact formats. Tubular format, back to back, suggesting an engine design that is cylindrical. Flat format, side by side, suggesting an engine design that is part of the spacecraft “floor”. [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0 -9720116 -2 -5, March 2003 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 74
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 8. Future Spacecraft Designs: Key Design Considerations 2. The field effects must encompass the whole spacecraft. [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0 -9720116 -2 -5, March 2003 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 75
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 8. Future Spacecraft Designs: Almost Correct Design Star Trek Enterprise: Not a likely design as the engines are, too far apart & far back for the field effects to encompass the whole spacecraft in an optimal manner. Field Effect [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0 -9720116 -2 -5, March 2003 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 76
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 8. Future Spacecraft Designs: Correct Design To maximize the field effects, the propulsion system has to be within and center of the spacecraft. [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0 -9720116 -2 -5, March 2003 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 77
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 8. Future Spacecraft Designs: PNPT Propulsion Systems Layout 1 st Design Approach: Propulsion system is buried inside the spacecraft, and is an integral part of the vessel design. Up/Down Thrust Forward/Backward Thrust Lateral Thrust [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0 -9720116 -2 -5, March 2003 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 78
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 8. Future Spacecraft Designs: PNPT Propulsion Systems Layout 2 nd Design Approach: Propulsion system is buried inside the spacecraft, and is an integral part of the vessel design. Up/Down Thrust Lateral Thrust Forward/Backward Thrust [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0 -9720116 -2 -5, March 2003 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 79
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 8. Future Spacecraft Designs: Future Spacecraft Design Using the 1 st Design Approach, the spacecraft is saucer shaped. Propulsion System is buried inside the spacecraft [2] Benjamin Thomas Solomon, The New Approach, ISBN 0 -9720116 -2 -5, March 2003 May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 80
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 9. Summary & Conclusion May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 81
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 9. Summary What it takes to be an Interstellar Civilization: 1. Time Travel: Implies incorrect theories. A through reexamination of current theories is required. 2. Dark Energy: Implies a disconnect between the real Universe and modern theories. An approach has been presented. This needs to be investigated further. 3. Current Theories on Gravity: Are too narrow in scope to enable Interstellar Travel. A fundamentally new approach is required. A suggested approach has been presented. May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 82
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 9. Summary What it takes to be an Interstellar Civilization. . . continued: 4. Lorentz Transformation Breakout: We can & must breakout of Relativistic Bind of Lorentz Transformations. An approach has been presented, and needs to be investigated further. 5. Momentum Exchange Bypass: Needs to be formally proven. 6. ISSETI: A new Inter-Stellar Space Exploration Technology Initiative (ISSETI) is required. May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 83
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 9. Conclusion Interstellar Civilization status requires two initiatives: 1. The Space Program needs to advance Science, and not Science advance the Space Program. 2. Inter-Stellar Space Exploration Technology Initiative (ISSETI). May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 84
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 9. Acknowledgements I would like to thank, the following organizations for providing the opportunity, To present/publish unconventional ideas, 1. The Journal of Theoretics 2. National Space Society To test/verify my experiments at their labs, 1. University of Denver, Colorado 2. University of Colorado at Denver, Colorado May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 85
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 9. Contact Author: Benjamin Thomas Solomon Address: P. O. Box 40 Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 Tel: 303 -949 -7930 Email: solomon@Quantum. Risk. com May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 86
© Solomon 2003 • Benjamin Thomas Solomon • P. O. Box 40, Conifer, CO 80433 -0040 • • http: //www. Quantum. Risk. com/ • solomon@Quantum. Risk. com • • e. Fax: 801 -365 -8995 • Tel: 303 -949 -7930 • 9. Quantum. Risk Journal Authors required for the following articles: 1. Military Value of the Moon, and its Impact on World Politics. 2. Synthetic Life Forms. 3. Impact of Inter-Planetary Resources on World Politics. 4. First Nations: Independence of Moon & Mars. 5. A World without the United Nations. 6. Contact: Ben Solomon, solomon@Quantum. Risk. com May 25 th 2003 International Space Development Conference 2003, San Jose, California 87
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