Solar System groundbased Inner solar system Mars Outer

Solar System: ground-based • Inner solar system • Mars • Outer solar system – Dynamics of planetary atmospheres – Structure, dynamics and formation outer solar system • Many possibilities for synergy – Spacecraft: high-resolution snapshot in time; medium resolution spectroscopy unhindered by atmosphere – Ground: long term monitoring of entire planet; high resolution spectroscopy in atmospheric windows Ewine van Dishoeck, ESO-ESA coordination meeting, Septemer 15 2003, Garching

I. Inner solar system • Limited ground-based observations possible, but some unique cases, e. g. : • Sun – Structure and dynamics of chromosphere => heating processes • ALMA submillimeter continuum monitoring • ALMA submm recombination lines of corona => magnetic field through Zeeman effect • Moon, Mercury, Near-Earth Asteroids, Mars – Characterizing the (near-) surface thermal and electrical properties and texture, including polar ice caps • ALMA (sub)millimeter continuum maps; radar of NEA • Synergy with SMART-1, Bepi-Colombo

Inner solar system (cont’d) • Venus – Dynamics of middle atmosphere (70 -110 km): direct wind measurements • ALMA CO lines at high spatial and spectral resolution “snapshots of atmospheric circulation” – Chemistry of Venus atmosphere • ALMA HCl, H 2 S, SO 2 – Synergy with Venus Express?

II. Mars • Three dimensional water cycle of Mars – ALMA HDO monitoring • Dynamics of middle atmosphere (30 -70 km): direct wind measurements – ALMA CO lines at high spatial and spectral resolution “snapshots of atmospheric circulation” • Chemistry of Mars atmosphere: testing photochemical models – ALMA O 3, NO, H 2 O 2 • Synergy with Mars missions, e. g. Mars Express, Beagle 2; Herschel

Water on Mars HDO : ALMA 1. 3 mm H 2 O 557 GHz: Herschel

III. Outer Solar System: Dynamics of Planetary Atmospheres • How do giant planet atmospheres work? E. g. – – Storms on Jupiter and Saturn Uranus global change Titan atmosphere Cometary impacts/accretion of planetesimals; origin of external water – Reference for exo-planetary atmospheres studies • Do minor bodies have atmospheres? If so, composition? – Triton, Pluto, TNO => - Direct wind measurements: ALMA, VLT - Composition: trace species probing key processes, e. g. H 3+ VLT; HCN, HDO, minor species: ALMA - Synergy with Cassini/Huygens, Herschel

Volcanism on Io 4. 8 m ground image OWL resolution, Vis Prometheus~ OWL resolution at 4. 8 m

Structure, dynamics and history Solar System • Kuiper Belt Objects: remnants of the Sun’s circumstellar disk (putting our solar system in context) – Large asteroids => planets (Pluto, Quaoar, Charon, …): how many? mass? origin? – Mapping orbital dynamics of KBO’s (Plutinos/captured, Scattered disk, Cubewanos/classical, …): clearing of small bodies in planetary system – Origin planetary moons: circumplanetary disk or captured? – Composition surfaces KBO’s: origin? processing? source of H 2 O and organics on Earth and Mars VST/VLT: finding KBO’s, near-IR spectroscopy in reflected light ALMA: thermal emission => albedo VLTI/OWL: sizes, masses largest KBO’s JWST: near- and mid-IR spectroscopy (reflected, thermal)

Minor planets in solar system Size Quaoar resolved from space but also measured from mm Bertoldi et al. 2002

Comets • Origin solar system: probing the most pristine material • Formation zone comets: inner vs. outer solar system? Scattered? • Relation with circumstellar disk material? - ALMA: - VLT: composition parent gases, dynamics of coma: mm spectroscopy at high angular (down to 10 km) and velocity (<0. 1 km/s) resolution composition gases and solids: near-IR, mid-IR spectroscopy; preparatory studies comet 67 P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko - Rosetta: detailed in-situ study of one comet - JWST: near- and mid-IR spectroscopy of distant comets: silicates, H 2 O, CO 2, - Herschel: mm spectroscopy of comets: H 2 O

Cometary spectra Crovisier 2000

H 2 O in comets ISO-SWS Crovisier et al. ALMA: HDO imaging at high spatial resolution (~10 km) => HDO/H 2 O VLT: HDO 3. 7 mm fluorescence Herschel: H 2 O 557 GHz line monitoring, far-IR lines JWST: H 2 O near-IR, mid-IR: ortho/para ratio => formation T

Organics in comets Mumma et Al. 2001 IR: CH 3 OH, C 2 H 6, OH, CH 4, … VLT-CRIRES, VISIR; JWST Mm: many minor species ALMA, Herschel Bockelee-Morvan et al. 2000