Solanaceous Vegetable Crops English Name Botanical Name Chromosome

Solanaceous Vegetable Crops English Name Botanical Name Chromosome Centre of No. Primary Origin Secondary Tomato (poor Solanum lycopersicum man’s orange) 2 n = 24 Peru Mexico Brinjal ( poor man’s crop) Solanum melongena 2 n = 24 South east Asia Chilli Capsicum annuum var. hortense 2 n = 24 Mexico and surroundings of central America Bell pepper Capsicum annuum var. grossum 2 n = 24 Mexico and surroundings of central America

Area and Production Crop Tomato Area India 807 ’ 000 ha Himachal Pradesh 11, 037 ha Production 19700 ’ 000 M. T. 485536 M. T. Brinjal 669 ’ 000 ha India Himachal Pradesh 1213 ha Chilli 12401 ’ 000 M. T. 27, 710 M. T. India 287 ’ 000 ha Himachal Pradesh 1140 ha Capsicum 3407 ’ 000 M. T. India 46 ’ 000 ha 14, 525 M. T. 327 ’ 000 M. T.

Importance of Tomato Ø The fruits are eaten raw or cooked Ø It ranks at number one as a processed vegetable crop (value added products such as pickle, soup, juice, ketchup, puree, paste and powder etc. ) Ø It is rich source of vitamins A, B 1, B 2 and C Ø It adds variety of colour and flavours to the food Ø The pulp and juice are digestible, mild aperients, a promoter of gastric secretions, blood purifier and bear antiseptic properties

Importance of Brinjal Ø Rich source of Fe, Vitamin A and B Ø White coloured brinjal is good for diabetic patients Ø Used in preparation of Bhartha, other dishes like bagare baingan etc. , pickles etc. Ø Excellent remedy for tooth ache and liver complaints

Importance of Capsicum spp. Ø Indispensable item as a spice in every kitchen Ø Valued for pungency, spicy/hot taste and appealing colour/ imparts colour to the culinary preparations/ used as a colourant Ø High medicinal value thus is in great demand in the pharmaceutical industries Ø Green chillies are rich in rutin and capsaicin Ø The fruits are rich source of vitamins A and C Ø Potential foreign exchange earner crop

Bio active compounds Colour Vegetable Compound Red Tomato Lycopene Orange Tomato, capsicum Beta carotene Yellow Capsicum Lutein, carotenoid Tangerine Tomato Prolycopene Black/ purple Brinjal, capsicum and Anthocyanins tomato In tomato lycopene accumulation occurs between 10 -26ºC. At temp below 10 ºC and above 30ºC red/ yellow colour does not develop Pungency in chilli is due to compound capsaicin

Types of Capsicum Hot Pepper Highly pungent due to volatile crystalline alkaloid capsaicin found in the plancenta of the fruit Bell pepper Bell shaped blocky fruits found in variety of colours. Mild in flavour Paprika Fruits are used for pickling , imparting typical flavour and colour.

Bell pepper Chilli Paprika

Growth Habit in tomato According to the growth habit, tomato is characterized by two types of plants: Determinate and Indeterminate Determinate Inflorescence cluster occurs at every third Self topping i. e. inflorescence occurs inter-node and the main axis continues to more frequently in almost every intergrow indefinitely node until terminal ones are formed and elongation ceases at this point and the main stem terminates with a flower cluster

Varieties/ hybrids of tomato Crop Tomato Brinjal Institute Variety/ hybrid IIVR , Varanasi Kashi Aman , Kashi Abhimaan, Kashi Vishesh, Kashi Anupam, Kashi Hemant, Kashi Sharad, Kashi Amrit , Kashi Abhay IIHR , Bangalore Arka Samrat , Abha(BWR -1), Arka Abhijit, Ahuti (sel -11) , Arka Alok, Arka Ananya, Meghali , Arka Rakshak , Arka Saurabh , Arka Shreshta , Vardan, Arka Vikas (Sel – 22), Arka Vishal IARI , Delhi Pusa Rohini, Pusa Sadabahar, Pusa Ruby, Pusa – 120, Best of all, Marglobe, Pusa Early Dwarf, Pusa Sheetal, Pusa Gaurav, Pusa Uphar(DT-10), Pusa Hybrid -1, Pusa Divya (Kt-4), Pusa Hybrid-4(DTH 4), Pusa Hybrid -8 (DTH-8) PAU, Ludhiana Punjab varkha bahar -1, punjab varkha bahar -2, Punjab Upma, Punjab Ratta IIVR, Varanasi Kashi Uttam, Kashi Taru , Kashi Sandesh , Kashi Prakash. IIHR , Bangalore Arka Anand, Arka Keshav, Arka Navneeth , Arka

Chilli Capsicum IARI, Delhi Pusa Shyamla(DBL-21), DBl-02, DBL 20, Pusa Purple Long, Pusa Kranti, Pusa Purplr Clustre, Pusa Anupam (KT -4 F 1), Pusa Purple Round, Pusa Hybrid -6 , Pusa Hybrid -5, Pusa Uttam (DBR-31), Pusa Hybrid-9, Pusa Bindu (DBRS-44), Pusa Upkar(DBR-8), Pusa Ankur (DBRS-91) , DBHL-20(hybrid), Pusa Kaushal, Pusa Hybrid-20 PAU, Ludhiana Punjab Neelam(round fruited), BH-2 (oblong), Punjab Barsati and Punjab Sada Bahar(long), Punjab Nagina and PBH-3(small fruited) IIVR, Varanasi Kashi Tez, Kashi Surkh, Kashi Sinduri, Kashi Gaurav IIHR, Bangalore Arka Sweta, Arka Harita, Arka Lohit, Arka Meghna, Suphal PMR-57, Arka neelachal Prabha PAU, Ludhiana Hybrids; CH-1 and CH-3, Punjab Guchhedar, Punjab Surkh, Punjab Tej IIHR, Bangalore Arka Basant , Arka Gaurav, Arka

Varieties/Hybrids for Himachal Pradesh Crop Tomato Brinjal Capsicum Chilli Institute Variety/Hybrid YSP UHF , Nauni Solan Vajr, Solan Shagun , Solan Garima, Solan Sindhoor, CSK HPKV, Palampur Palam Pink, Palam Pride, Him Pragati, Palam Tomato Hybrid 1 (for protected ) Private sector hybrids (for protected cultivation) Naveen, Naveen 2000+, Rakshita, Avtar IIHR, Bangalore Arka Keshav, Arka Nidhi IARI, Delhi Pusa Purple Cluster, Pusa Kranti, Pusa Purple Long, Pusa Anupam HAU, Hisar Shyamal (H-8) YSP UHF, Nauni Solan Bharpur, Solan Hybrid 1, Solan Hybrid 2 IARI, Delhi California Wonder, Yolo wonder , Bharat YSP UHF, Nauni Solan Yellow CSK HPKV, Palampur Surajmukhi

Climate • Tomato does well under an average monthly temperature of 21 -23 °C. • Brinjal requires long warm growing season , and is killed by severe frost. Mean daily temperature of 13 -21°C is most favourable • In general chilli plants require 20 -25°C temperature. Excessive rainfall bring defoliation and rotting in plant. Soil Best soil for solanaceous crops is sandy loam soil. Soil should be well drained. For an early crop sandy loam is preferred while for late crop clay loam is best. Tomato does best at p. H 6 -7.

Crop Sowing time Low hillstime : June -July, November, • Sowing February Tomato Mid hills : February , March – June Capsicum. High hills : April Chillies hi Capsicum Low hills : November , February and March Mid hills : March-May tomato • Seed rate Chilli Seed rate Spacing Standard variety : 500 - Standard variety : 60 X 625 g/ha 45 cm Hybrid : 150 - 200 g/ha Hybrid : 90 X 30 cm Standard variety : 1250 g/ha Hybrid : 700 g/ ha 60 X 45 cm tomato Low– hills : February , May – June, Standard variety: 1000 45 X 45 cm November g/ha capsicum – Mid hills : March – May Hybrid: 700 g/ha High hills : April - May • Spacing Brinjal Low hills : October , March , May-June tomato –capsicum – Mid hills : March-May Standard variety: 500 - 60 x 45 cm 750 g / ha Hybrid: 90 x 60 cm Hybrid: 350 - 400 g/ ha

Nursery sowing & transplanting time Crop/Region Spring-summer Rainy Autumn crop Tomato NI plains Late Nov (mid Jan) July-Aug (Aug-Sept) Eastern India Nov (Late Dec) Aug-Sept (Sept-Oct) Brinjal NI plains Nov(mid Jan-Feb) Mar-May (April. June) June-July(July-Aug) East and South Indian conditions: all the year round. Main season: July- August Chilli NI plains Dec. (Feb) May-June (June-July) SI Mainly as rainy season crop (June to October) Bell Pepper NI plains Nov (Jan-Feb) August (Aug-Sept) SI Extreme temp does not prevail: grown from June-Feb

Manures and fertilizers FYM N (q/ha) P 2 O 5 K 2 O (Kg/ha) Tomato 250 100 80 60 OP varieties 250 100 75 50 Hybrids 250 150 -180 100 -150 Brinjal, Chilli & Bell Pepper 250 100 60 After one month 80 -120 50 Crop Planting time After 2 months Tomato Full dose (FYM + P) 1/3 N + 1/2 K 1/3 N + ½ K Brinjal, Chilli, BP Full dose (FYM + P ¼ N + K) + 1/2 N ¼ N

Manures and Fertilizers for Himachal Pradesh Method 1 Crop FYM q/ha Urea Kg/ha SSP Kg/ha MOP Kg/ha Tomato 200 220 (325*) 470 (750*) 90 Brinjal 100 220 375 85 Chilli 250 150 475 90 Capsicum 200 -250 200 475 90 Crop FYM q/ha 12: 32: 16 Kg/ha MOP Kg/ha Urea Kg/ha Tomato 200 234(375*) 29 156(229) Brinjal 100 188 32. 5 170 Chilli 250 234 29 103 Capsicum 200 -250 234 29 156. 3 Method 2 * Fertilizer dose for hybrids

Fertilizer application • METHOD -1 Farm yard manure, SSP and MOP at the time of field preparation TOMATO- 1/3 rd urea at the time of field preparation, rest 1/3 rd urea after one month of transplanting and 2/3 rd after two months of transplanting BRINJAL, CAPSICUM and CHILLI– ½ urea at time of field preparation, 1/4 thafter one month of transplanting and rest 1/4 th after one month of second application. METHOD-2 Farm yard manure , 12: 32: 16 and MOP at the time of field preparation. ½ urea at the time of first hoeing/weeding and rest ½ at the time of flowering.

Irrigation Tomatoes need very careful irrigation, that is just sufficient water at the right time. Overwatering is as harmful as insufficient irrigation. Water is required every 5 -7 days. a period of drought followed by sudden heavy watering causes cracking of fruits. In brinjal 100 -110 cm irrigation is required for a successful crop. In India major chili growing areas are rainfed. But maintenance of uniform moisture is essential to prevent blossom and fruit droop. Generally 8 -9 irrigations are given depending on rainfall. Weed control is necessary to obtain high yield. One to two hand weedings are necessary. Weed control can be done through use of chemical weedicides. Pre emergence weedicides like Pendimethalin can be used along with some post emergence weedicides like Fluchloralin, Stomp. etc.

Use of growth hormones Tomato ü ü Flower cluster and whole plant sprays with GA 3 at 50 and 100 ppm hastens fruit set and advanced harvesting by one week. Soaking of seedlings 24 hours in dark in NAA at 0. 1 ppm showed higher fruit set, early and increased total yield. Brinjal ü Application of 2, 4 -D (2 ppm) on pseudo short styled, short styled and medium styled flowers produces a higher percentage of fruit set. ü NAA (50 ppm)after 30 -35 days after transplanting, PCPA (20 ppm) and n-metatolyl phthalmic acid (0. 1 - 0. 5%) promotes fruit set. ü Chilli ü Spray with NAA @ 50 ppm/Planofix @ 10 -20 ppm or Tricontanol @ 2 ppm at full blossom stage enhance fruit set at higher temperature.

a b. c Figure 1: Types of brinjal flowers on the basis of length of styles a. long-styled (big ovary), b. medium-styled (medium ovary), c. pseudoshort-styled (rudimentary ovary), d. true short-styled (very rudimentary ovary). d

Harvesting stages of tomato • Mature green stage – when the fruit has grown to its full size and jelly formation is complete but the fruit is still green. Mature green fruits are harvested for distant market. • Turning stage- when one fourth of the fruit has turned pink red. Fruit harvested at turning stage for distant market. • Pink stage- when three fourth of the fruit has gained colour. Fruits are harvested at pink stage for local market. • Ripe stage- when whole fruit has obtained red colour. fruits harvested at ripe stage for local market and processing. • Red ripe stage – when fruits start to lose firmness , over ripe fruits are harvested for processing purpose.

Harvesting , yield and storage Stage at which tomatoes are picked depends upon the purpose they are grown for. The yield varies from 16000 -24000 kg/ha. Best storage temperature is from 12 -15° C. Brinjal is harvested when it attains good size and colour and the surface is shiny and glossy. A short piece of the stalk is left attached to fruit. the average yield varies from 20000 - 25000 kg/ha. Storage is done at 10 -13 °C and 85 -90 % RH. The stages at which chilli is harvested depends upon type and purpose. Chilli which Are used foe vegetable purpose are generally picked while they are still green and chilies used for drying are picked red when fully ripe. Yield of red chilli is 1000 -2500 kg/ ha fresh green chillies yield 3 -4 times higher than dry chilies. Bell pepper are picked when they are still green but fully grown or when they attain colour. Green harvest increases yield because of high number of fruits per plant as compared to coloured harvest. Yield of green capsicum ranges from 3 -4 tonnes / ha. Storage is done at 0°C with 95 -98 % RH.

PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS ü Non-parasitic ü Abiotic stresses ü Adverse weather ü Nutritional deficiencies or improper nutrition ü Improper cultural practices

Physiological Disorders Disorder Symptom Cause Blotchy ripening, vascular browning, whitewall , grey wall Symptoms include yellow patches on Deficiency of Spray of potassium sulphate @ ripe fruits , brown vascular tissues and potassium and 0. 2% and magnesium sulphate white or grey coloured fruit wall. magnesium @ 1% Fruit cracking Two types radial and concentric Deficiency of cracking. Radial cracking causes more calcium and loss. boron Both seedlings and Plants should be sprayed with 0. 30. 4% solution of borax. Apply borax @ 20 -30 kg/ha. Apply recommended dose of lime or spray of 0. 5% Ca. Cl 2 at time of fruit development Blossom end rot Lesions appear at blossom end of the fruit while it is green. Water soaked spots appear at the point of attachment of the senescent petals. It enlarges rapidly to 1 cm or more in diameter. The affected portion of the fruit becomes sunken, leathery and dark coloured. Spray Ca. Cl 2 @ 0. 5% at the time of fruit development Deficiency of calcium and excess use of nitrogenous fertilizers Management

Disorder Symptom Cause Management Puffiness At two third of normal fruit size the outer wall develop but remaining internal tissue growth is retarded. So the fruits are not firm and are partially filled. Non fertilization of ovule, Apply 4 -CPA or embryo abortion , necrosis CCPU @ 20 and 20 of vascular and placental 25 mg/l respectively. tissue. Due to uneven temperature and abnormal soil moisture. Sunscald Exposed tissues have blistered water soaked appearance. Rapid desiccation of sunken area which usually had white / grey or yellowish colour in green and red fruits. Sun exposure Cat face The fruits are characterized by the distortion of Abnormal growing the blossom end. Such fruits have ridges, furrows conditions during , indentation and blotches. formation of blossom Gold flecks Appearance of gold coloured calcium oxalate deposits on fruits. Affected fruits had short shelf life. Use cultivars with high foliage Single spray of 0. 5% Ca. Cl 2 at the time of fruit development.

Blossom end rot Sun scald Puffiness Cat Face Blotchy ripening Cold Injury

Flower and fruit drop in chilli l Major limiting factor in chilli l High temperature and low humidity at flowering cause excessive transpiration resulting into abscission of buds, flowers and fruits l Short day and high temperature. Control l Provide light and frequent irrigation at flowering and fruit set stage l Spray with NAA @ 50 ppm/Planofix @ 10 -20 ppm or Tricontanol @ 2 ppm at full blossom stage

Diseases Disease Symptom Management Damping –off of seedling (Pythium , Phytopthora, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia) seedlings killed both at pre and post emergence stage , infected seedlings topple down on the ground. Treat nursery bed with formalin 1: 7. Drenching with Dithane M 45 (25 g/10 l) and bavistin (5 g/10 l) at the initiation of post emergence damping off. Buckeye rot ( tomato) Phytopthora nicotiana var. parasitica ) brown spots with light and dark brown concentric zonations appear on green fruits. Stake plants Prune lower leaves before onset of monsoon Prophylactic spray with Ridomil MZ @25 g/10 l Repeat at 10 -15 days. Alternaria disease (tomato) ( A. solanai, A. alternata , A lycopersici) concentric brown spots appear on leaves which induce yellowing symptom , fruits show same symptom. Spray Dithane M-45 at 8 -10 days interval Other fungal diseases (tomato) (Septoria lysopesici, Ascochyta phaseolorum) different type of spots leading to defoliation Get healthy seed spray dithane Phytopthora fruit rot (brinjal) ( Phytopthora parasitica ) fruits start rotting from apical portion Spray Ridomil MZ-78 just before onset of monsoon followed by bordeaux mixture or dithane. At 10 days interval.

Disease Symptom Management Bacterial wilt (tomato) (Ralstonia solanacearum) plant wilts without yellowing Follow 3 year crop rotation with non host plant Transplant disease free seedlings Bacterial canker ( tomato) ( Clavibacter michiganensis) Use disease free seeds Lower leaves wilt, on stem brown streaks and canker develop and small brown scabby lesions surrounded by white halo on fruits. Tomato shoe string Mild mosaic, vein clearing and downward curling of Grow resistant variety like S-12 leaves. Leaves are also distorted and reduced to Remove weed host like Datura and tendril like structure called shoe string. mako Spray malathion @100 ml/100 l for vector control Fruit rot and leaf blight ( capsicum and chillies ) (Phytopthora nicotianae var. nicotianae) Small water soaked spots appear on fruits which rot completely. Spots also appear on leaves which result in leaf blight. Use disease free seed. Seed treatment with Dithane M-45 2 g/kg seed. Spray Ridomil MZ-78@2. 5 g/l. Anthracnose and die back (capsicum and chilies ) (Colletotrichum capsici) Branches show die back symptom and fruits have dark sunken spots with pink fungal growth. Use disease free seed , treat seed and spray ridomil. Mosaic complex (capsicum and chilies ) Chlorosis, mottling , green vein banding , ring Grow tolerant variety Yolo Wonder spotting , thickening of leaf , puckering and clustering Plant barrier crop like maize of infected leaves. Spray malathion to control vector Phomopsis rot and blight ( (Phomopsis vexans) leaves show straw coloured brinjal) brown spots. Fruits show rotting symptom. Treat seed with thiram @3. 0 g/kg of seed. Spray dithane at weekly intervals.

Insect-pests Pest Damage Management Fruit borer Caterpillars feed on the tender foliage and flowers of plants. Later make holes in fruits and feed inside. Spray carbaryl @0. 1% or cypermethrin 0. 0075% repeat at 15 days interval Fruit flies ( tomato, capsicum and chilies ) Flies lay eggs on the fruits by embedding them in the pulp. Maggots feed inside and make fruits unfit for consumption. Maggots pupate in soil. Spray attractant bait ( 50 g gur +10 ml malathion in 5 l water ) Collect and destroy infested fruits. Cutworms The dirty grey caterpillars remain hidden in the soil and cause heavy damage to the seedlings after transplanting by cutting the stem at ground level. Spray chlorpyriphos @ 2 ml/l. Root-knot nematode Knot like galls are formed on roots which lead to malfunctioning of roots. On areal parts leaves turn yellow and growth is stunted. Heavily infested crop shows symptoms of water stress like leaf cupping and temporary day time wilting. Do not grow susceptible varieties on infested field. Follow crop rotation with rice. Grow nematode resistant varieties like S 120. Use nematode free nursery and change nursery site every season. Apply Carbofuran granules @ 30 kg/ha or neem cake @ 25 kg/ha Termites ( chilli and capsicum) Feed on roots resulting in death of plant. Problem serious in foot hills. Mix 20 -25 kg /ha Aldrin in the soil before transplanting. Thrips, aphids , white fly Suck sell sap and transmit virus. Spray Malathion @ 0. 05 %

Pest Damage Management Brinjal fruit and shoot borer Caterpillars bore into the stem , riddle it and eat the internal tissue thus causing plants to wither. In fruits caterpillars generally enter through calyx and feed inside , exit holes are usually visible on fruits. Spray foliage with Carbaryl or Cypermethrin @0. 1 % Destroy infested fruits Spray Neem oil @3 ml/l Hadda beetle ( brinjal) Grubs and adults skeletonize the leaves which ultimately fall off. Spray Carbaryl @ 0. 1 % Mites cause white speck and patches on leaves affecting growth and vitality of plants. Serious problem in protected cultivation. Use Oomite @1 ml / l & Metasystox@ 1 ml/l Brinjal little leaf Caused by mycoplasma like organisms and Control vector and destroy affected transmitted by leaf hopper. Plant attain plants stunted growth with very short internodes Spray Metasystox@ 1 ml/l , shot leaves and does not flower

NEW PEST OF TOMATO Tomato leaf miner Tuta absoluta • The larva feeds voraciously upon tomato plants, producing large galleries in leaves, burrowing in stalks, and consuming apical buds and green and ripe fruits. It is capable of causing a yield loss of 100%. Tomato is the main host plant, but T. absoluta also attacks other crop plants of the nightshade family, including potato, eggplant, pepino, pepper and tobacco. It is known from many solanaceous weeds, including Datura stramonium, Lycium chilense, and Solanum nigrum.