SOL Review The picture above represents items from

SOL Review

• The picture above represents items from which time period? • Paleolithic • Neolithic • Megalithic • Monolithic

• Characteristics of hunter-gatherer societies include all of the following EXCEPT: • Stone tools • Fire • Written language • Small clans

• • • A new discovery about Stone Age life would most likely be made by which of the following? a geographer a physicist a geologist an archaeologist What can an archaeologist conclude about artifacts found in the same layer of an excavation? The remains are from different times. The remains are from the same time. Different people made the artifacts. The artifacts were from a people with no technology.

• • The picture below shows objects made by ancient peoples also called: Hieroglyphs, Artifacts, Obelisks, Henges Which source would best aid a scientist who is studying an ancient culture? • a computer printout • prehistoric remains • a bar graph • an ideogram •

• The Stone Age structure below is called ____ & is found in ______. • Stonehenge, France; Skara Brae, Germany; Skara Brae, Great Rift Valley; Stonehenge, England

• • • The Neolithic Revolution refers to the time when early humansmastered fire. developed agriculture. migrated from Africa. organized governments. • The 1 st humans were believed to be from • Savannas of Africa • Great Rift Valley of Africa • Saharan Desert of Africa • Tigris & Euphrates Rivers

E D F H C A B G Rivers, Civilizations, Bodies of Water

• • • Civilizations developed in valleys of rivers such as the Nile, Indus, Tigris and Euphrates because the river valleys provided a source of fresh water and good farmland. the rivers aided in the exploration of new territories. the rivers provided power for industries. the river valleys provided areas for recreation. The symbols pictured are associated w/ which religion? Animism Hinduism Judaism Islam

• "If a man has stolen an ox, a sheep, a pig, or a goat that belonged to a temple or palace, he shall repay thirty times its cost. If it belonged to a private citizen, he shall repay ten times. If the thief cannot pay, he shall be put to death. “ • The quote above is from a very early law code in Babylonia. Who is considered its creator? • Ramses II; Hammurabi; Justinian; Constantine • The holy book for the Hebrews & the 1 st 5 books of the Old Testament: • Bible, • Gopels • Torah • Quran

• The writing pictured is associated with which river valley civilization? • Mesopotamia • Sumer • Egypt • Maya • The writing is called? • Hieroglyphs • Demotic • Hebrew • Arabic

• • The Egyptians believed their leader to be the son of a god and the cause of the flooding of the river. What was this leader called? Czar; King; Emperor; Pharaoh What is the most important geographic feature to the civilizations of Egypt, Mesopotamia, Shang China, and the Indus Valley? high mountains; large deserts; fertile river valleys; open plains

• In ancient China, groups of hereditary rulers that held the "mandate of heaven" are called: • monarchies; dynasties; kingdoms; empires • Which group adapted to their location by trading on the seas & developing an alphabet? • Phoenicians; Hebrews; Sumerians; Aryans

• The monotheistic religion that began in this empire was • Christianity • Judaism • Islam • Zoroastrianism • • What empire stretched from the Mediterranean Sea to India and allowed conquered peoples to remain relatively independent from the empire? Egypt; China; Persia; Greece The Empire pictured in the map above allowed conquered territories to remain relatively independent. In order to effectively rule the empire, the emperor put these territories into States; provinces; satraps; feudal groups

• • Where did invaders typically enter India from? the sea; Tibet; the Hindu Kush; east Asia The caste system was introduced by what group of invaders? Muslims; Persians; Romans; Aryans The caste system is a strict social class system that prevents social mobility. It is associated w/ which religion? Hinduism; Buddhism; Islam, Zoroasterism The holy book for Hindus is called Torah; Eightfold Path; Vedas; Quran

• • The map below depicts Trans-Saharan trade routes; Phoenician trade routes; Silk Road; Byzantine Empire Which of these was NOT a contribution of ancient China? Silk; porcelain; representative democracy; civil service system

• • • What did the Emperor do to protect China from foreign invaders from the north? construct a large army; invade and take them over ignore them; build a large wall • Which of the following religions came from India and quickly spread throughout Asia, being adopted by Chinese scholars and leaders? • Buddhism; Hinduism; Christianity; Islam

• • • What Chinese school of thought teaches reverence to elders and the law as the best way to maintain a peaceful society, filial piety (respect for parents)? Taoism Confucianism Buddhism Legalism Which of the following Chinese schools of thought teaches humility, harmony with nature, balance and simplicity in life? • Confucianism; Legalism • Buddhism; Taoism •

• • Who was the founder of Buddhism? Asoka; Siddhartha Gautama; Mumtaz Mahal; Shah Jahan Buddhism’s path to nirvana is known as the eightfold path. The founder of Buddhism basic principles are known as Four Noble Truths; Five Pillars of Islam; Ten Commandments; Five Key Relationships

• • • How did Greece's geography affect its early settlement? Its many rivers aided the travel of explorers. The Aegean and Ionian seas prevented early settlement. Greece's mountains keep groups of Greeks separated. Mountains to the north kept out invaders. D C B A F E

• What two things did each Greek city-state have in common? • currency & government; social structure & topography • economic base & attitude toward slaves; religion & language • Which of these is a NOT a god from Greek mythology? • Juno; Hera; Aphrodite; Athena • The Greek version of the citystate is called • Satrap; Province; Polis; Parrish

• • • What is the name of structure pictured on the bottom right? Parthenon; Pantheon; Taj Mahal; Oracle @ Delphi What was its purpose? fortress for the defense of the city. ; Market & public meeting place. temple to the goddess Athena. ; monument to Olympic athletes.

• • • Which statement best describes Athenian democracy? Every male citizen can vote. ; Only the strongest rule. Those of noble birth rule. ; Women and men have an equal vote. • All adult men serve in the military. • More freedom for women than other citystates. • Ruled by an oligarchy of generals. • Possess a permanent slave class. • The statements above best describe which Greek citystate? • Thebes • Athens • Sparta • Delphi

• • Who formed the Delian League? Persia & Egypt; Athens & allied city-states Macedonia & Thebes; Sparta & Sparta’s allies The Delian League was created in response to a threat from? Persia Aryans Alexander Pericles Aegean Sea

• • • Which best describes the Golden Age of Athens? Period of peace & prosperity when arts & science flourished. Period when Pericles took power & ruled as a tyrant. Period when Persia ruled Athens & expanded the rights of citizens. Period when all Greek city-states where united under one democracy. • What caused the Peloponnesian War? • rivalry between Greece & Macedonia • rivalry between Athens & Sparta • the conquest of Greece by Rome • invasion of Greece by Persia

• • • Which philosopher wrote The Republic and was a student of Socrates? Aristotle; Pythagoras; Herodotus; Plato Herodotus and Thucydides are known for what type of writings? Poetry; history; drama; Philosophy The Illiad & Odyssey are attributed to the works of Homer; Virgil; Plato; Hippocrates

• • Which term describes the blending of Greek culture with Persian, Indian, and Egyptian influences? Classical; arabesque; Hellenism; Gothic • The ruler of the empire pictured never lost a battle & left his empire to the stronger. Who was he? • Alexander the Great; Xerxes the Magnificent; Justinian the Law Giver; Phillip the Macedonian

• • • Rome was protected from invasion by a ring of volcanoes surrounding the Italian Plateau. a series of coastal fortresses. trade agreements with Celtic tribes to the north. the Alps Mountains blocking land access to the Italian peninsula. A

• • • If the Romans worshipped a family of Gods, their religion can best be described as a form of what? Polytheism; monotheism Animism; idolatry From whom did the Romans borrow their myths and gods? Babylonians; Greeks Egyptians; Hittites Roman Greek ? Zeus Neptune ? ? Ares

• • There were two major social classes in ancient Rome. The ______ were wealthy and well born and the ______ were the poorer members of society. Patricians, Plebeians; Hittites, Mennonites Phoenicians, Christians; Romans, Gauls Early Rome was governed by representatives. What is this type of government called? • Republic • monarchy • oligarchy • autocracy

• • Which of these groups was considered citizens in the Roman Republic? Women; slaves; Roman men; foreigners • Roman law was codified and displayed in the Forum. What was this set of laws called? • Code of Hammurabi; the Roman Constitution; Laws of Solon; Twelve Tables

• • • • Who did Rome fight the Punic Wars against? Greece Persia Carthage Egypt Winning the Punic Wars gave Rome control of ? the Adriatic Sea the Aegean Sea the Mediterranean Sea the Black Sea What famous general invaded the Italian peninsula during the Punic wars? Belisarius Hannibal Alexander

• • • The decline of the Roman Republic was caused by all of the following EXCEPT: Increased use of slaves Inflation Growth of latifundia forcing small farmers out of work Increased power of the Senate • Who was assassinated by the Roman Senate to prevent him from becoming a dictator? • Marc Antony • Augustus Caesar • Julius Caesar • Pliny the Elder

• • • What was the primary weakness in the Roman Imperial system of government? There were no clear rules for choosing a new emperor. The emperor was a figurehead with no real power. The emperors were foreign-born citizens who lacked political support. The emperors lacked the support of the military. What event signaled the end of the Roman civil war? Julius Caesar conquered Gaul. Augustus Caesar defeated Marc Anthony. The Senate disbanded the Roman army. Persia defeated the Roman forces in the Middle East.

• • What is the 200 -year period of Roman peace and prosperity initiated by Augustus Caesar known as? Pax Sinica; Golden Age; Pax Romana; Dark Age The people who fought in the building pictured were? Plebeians that were in debt Slaves of conquered groups that became Gladiators Members of the Latifundia Senators ousted from power after the Roman Civil War • The building pictured is known as the • Colosseum • Hagia Sophia • Pantheon • Parthenon

• • • What was the book that contained the teachings of Jesus? Old Testament Talmud New Testament Koran Early Christians who spread their faith were known as: apostles sages monks carriers

• How did the Romans respond to the problem of public health? • They practiced strict population control. • They built public baths and provided food for the poor. • They made the weak and unhealthy slaves. • They built free hospitals for the poor. • • • The function of the structure pictured was to Transport troops quicker across rivers Bring water to the cities of the Roman Empire Connect trade routes throughout the Roman Empire Provide protection like the Great Wall & house legions

• • • The Emperor _____ moved the Roman capital to Byzantium. Justinian Augustus Nero Constantine Which of the following were not related to the 'fall' of Rome? • Germanic invasions • corrupt officials • the assassination of Julius Caesar • heavy taxes

• • • Which of the following is NOT a Roman contribution to engineering and architecture? Aqueducts; paved roads; Colosseum; mosques What group(s) invaded Rome, finally putting an end to the Empire? • • • Carthage Egypt Barbarians Greek rebels The structure pictured is Temple to the Emperor Palace of the Pax Romana Pantheon Aqueduct of the Gods

• Located on the Bosporus strait, an important trade route. • A crossroads of trade for Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. • Isolated from invasions weakening the Roman Empire. • • The statements above best describe which capital city? Athens; Rome; Constantinople; Timbuktu • Which Emperor was responsible for organizing and simplifying old Roman law into a new code? • Constantine • Diocletian • Justinian • Xerxes

• • Justinian strengthened the Byzantine Empire by: controlling the election of the Pope in Rome. moving the capital of the empire to Jerusalem. defeating the armies of the First Caliphate at Damascus. expanding trade and reconquering parts of the Roman Empire. The picture below is the Hagia Sophia; Dome of the Rock; Pantheon; Taj Mahal The structure during the Byzantine Empire was used as A • • Christian Church Muslim Mosque Palace of Constantine Court of Justinian

• • • What caused the Schism, the split that divided the Christian religion into the Catholic and Orthodox Churches? a dispute over the authority of the Pope over icons the role of women in the Church the influence of the emperor the use of private homes as churches Roman Byzantine Latin ? Rome ? ? Hippodrome

• • • What form of writing was developed by Byzantine monks and adopted in Russia and eastern Europe? hieroglyphs cuneiform sanskrit cyrillic What brought Byzantine influence into Russia and eastern Europe? trade routes the Crusades conquest travelers from China

Hindu Christian Islam Buddhism Judaism Vedas Bible ? NONE Torah Caste system 10 comman dments ? 4 Noble Truths 10 comman dments No single Jesus ? ? ? Moksha Heaven ? Heaven

• • • What is true of Islam? It accepts Mohammad as the only prophet of God. It accepts the divinity of Jesus Christ. It accepts Moses and Jesus as earlier prophets. It only accepts the New Testament of the Bible. What facilitated trade and stimulated intellectual activity in the Muslim world? Arabic language Muhammad’s death mild climates the Quran • What battle stopped the spread of Islam into Europe? • Jerusalem • Damascus • Tours • Carthage

• • • What are the 2 most sacred cities for Islam? Istanbul & Mecca • The shrine is located Mecca & Medina in Medina & Baghdad • Mecca Jerusalem & Istanbul • Medina The holy shrine pictured is the • Jerusalem Dome of the Rock • Istanbul Hagia Sophia Kaaba

• • • Which of the following accomplishments is credited to the Muslims? initial exploration to North and Central America mathematical concepts including Al Jabr or Algebra colonization of east Asia and Japan first-time engineering feats including road building and aqueducts What was NOT an area of Muslim contributions? Arabic numerals from India medicine Sculptures of religious figures maps of the world

• • • Who was crowned first Holy Roman Emperor by the Pope in 800 A. D. marked the beginning of the Middle Ages in Europe? Leo V Gregory II Charlemagne Pepin A period of lawlessness and disunity followed the fall of the Roman Empire. What served as the only unifying force in Europe? Emperor of Rome Roman legions Christian Church localized kings

• • • The diagram to the right would be best titled 4 level system 3 field system Feudal system Mercantile system The people who did most of the work on the medieval estate were the: fiefs knights lords serfs (Lords)

• • • What is the most accurate description of the basic relationships under feudalism? Monarchs granted land to serfs, who farmed it and protected the lords who administered the food supply. Lords granted land to serfs, who farmed it and protected the monarch, who supplied food to the lords. Monarchs granted land to local lords, who administered it and protected serfs, who farmed it. Serfs protected the monarch, who granted them land in return for feeding the lords.

• The feudal system grew out of the basic need in the countryside for protection from • Barbarians • Franks • Indigenous tribes • Chinese • The group of warriors that came out of Scandinavia were the • Franks • Angles • Saxons • Vikings

• • • Along which trade route was gold traded for salt? Trans-Saharan; Silk Road; Triangular Trade; Khyber Pass What goods did the Crusaders bring back to Europe from the East? • gold and silver • precious metals and oil • silk and spices • potatoes and corn

• • Which area are the following indigenous to: gunpowder, silk, paper, porcelain Japan; China; Persia; India • Which two religions were mainly practiced in Japan? • Islam and Christianity • Buddhism and Judaism • Shinto and Buddhism • Taoism and Confucianism

• Which of the following religions was introduced into West Africa? • Islam; Judaism; Hinduism; Buddhism • • • Timbuktu was known as: a rich trading city in Scandinavia. a center for trade and learning in West Africa. the capital of the Ottoman Empire. the major trading city on the Nile River. What trade made the West African kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai rich and powerful? spice trade gold-salt trade slave trade Columbian Exchange

Maya Aztec Inca ? ? Peru A Tikal Tenochtitlan ? Slash & burn ? Terracing • The religion of the civilizations in the Americas was: • Judaism; Christianity; polytheism; Buddhism • What was NOT an achievement of these civilizations? • calendar; mathematics; writing; paper B C

• • • William the Conqueror secured his rule over England after what event? the Second Irish Revolt King Harold named William his successor the Battle of Hastings the Pope crowned him King of England The Magna Carta was signed because of abuses of power by the king of which country? France England Spain Germany

• • • Which famous French hero helped instill French nationalism during the Hundred Years War? Napoleon; Joan of Arc Lafayette; King Louis VII What Pope gave a speech encouraging the First Crusade? John; John Paul Urban; Leo Which was a result of the Crusades? increased desire for eastern goods strengthened the Pope increased cooperation between Muslims and Christians weakened European monarchs

• • What disease decimated the population of much of Asia and Europe? the Black Death; malaria; small pox; the Adriatic flu What was a result of the Black Death of the fourteenth century? African populations destroyed from disease African culture destroyed from forced slave captures war in western Europe dramatic shortages of laborers throughout Europe • Another name for the Black Death is: • small pox. • the bubonic plague. • diphtheria. • the Asian flu.

• • The largest empire ever created was the Mongols; Korean; Byzantine; Ottoman A B • The Mongols were able to conquer all of the following EXCEPT: • Northern Europe; Russia; China; SW Muslim states

• New bookkeeping practices that enhanced trade after the end of the Middle Ages were made easier by the use of: • Paper; Arabic numerals; Roman coins; pencils • • Wealth accumulated from European trade with the Middle East led to: the rise of Italian citystates; an increase in crime; the corruption of the Church ; the freedom of the serfs.

• • • What led to the rise of city-states in northern Italy? the granting of papal letters of autonomy lack of interest in the region by the Holy Roman Empire victorious knights from the Crusades settled in the area profits from trade between Europe and the Middle East • Which of these was famous for their Renaissance literature & considered the Father of Humanism? • Raphael • Da Vinci • Petrarch • Brunelleschi

• • How rulers could gain & maintain power was the focus of which author’s work? Petrarch; Machiavelli; Cervantes; Erasmus The Prince by Machiavelli: encouraged honesty and fair play by political rulers. provided a set of rules for rulers to take and hold power. was the story of an English prince from the Middle Ages. firmly established democracy as the government in Italy.

• • Which Renaissance figure designed the building below? Brunelleschi Anguissola Michelangelo St. Peter The dome pictured above is located in what city that most symbolized the Renaissance? Rome; Milan; Florence; Pisa

• Who created the device pictured below? • Cervantes • Gutenberg • Da Vinci • Brunelleschi • • • All of the following were impacts of the device above EXCEPT: made books cheaper; literacy rate increased faster diffusion of ideas; increased power of Lords & vassals