SOL Preparation for USVA History Getting ready for

SOL Preparation for US/VA History

Getting ready for the SOL §There are less than 80 questions on the SOL Exam §They are multiple choice questions §Some include maps & graphs

§You have unlimited time in which to complete the test §Answer all questions, leave no question unanswered §The secret is in preparation, what is important to know

§People and events shape our history §We will identify as many important people and events as possible in order to be prepared to respond successfully on the SOL

§Follow the slides and link the person or event with important knowledge §The slides, like the test follow a chronological sequence §Let’s Begin

Columbian Exchange

Diseases §Disease kills a large segment of the indigenous population of America

Jamestown Virgina § 1 st permanent English settlement §Jamestown Colony 1607 §Tobacco

Mayflower Compact §Compact allows for the concept of majority rule §Part of today’s political decision making policy

Triangle Trade

Triangle Trade

13 Colonies

Colonial Settlement §Massachusetts & Puritans §Rhode Island – dissenters §Pennsylvania – Quakers §Maryland – religious toleration for Catholics

Plantation System §Agricultural system in the South. Cash crops like tobacco & cotton fuel slavery

Proclamation of 1763 & the Appalachian Mountains § After French & Indian War, bares western settlement beyond Appalachian Mountains By the English

Very Important Virginians § Virginia Declaration of Rights (George Mason) § Reiterated the notion that basic human rights should § § not be violated by governments Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (Thomas Jefferson) Outlawed the established church—that is, the practice of government support for one favored church Bill of Rights James Madison, a Virginian, consulted the Virginia Declaration of Rights and the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom when drafting the amendments that eventually became the United States Bill of Rights

Thomas Paine §Wrote critical works Common Sense and The Crisis §Inspires the cause for the American Revolution

Shots heard around the World Lexington & Concord

Declaration of Independence July 4, 1776 - Philadelphia

Declaration of Independence §Written by Jefferson §Ideas of John Locke (Natural Rights) §Life, liberty and pursuit of happiness

Taking Sides

Benjamin Franklin §Inventor, scientist, and statesman §Helped to gain funds and support for the American cause

Yorktown, Virginia 1781 § Last battle of the American Rev § French fleet make the difference

Articles of Confederation § Powers to declare war, make peace, sign treaties, borrow money, coin money, and establish a postal service § weak: no power to tax, control interstate or foreign trade, approval of states (no executive power to enforce the law)

Constitutional Convention meets §a meeting, planned to revise the Articles of Confederation, turns into a opportunity to write a new constitution §Virginia Plan (large states) §N. J. Plan (small states)

Federalist § The Federalists favored a strong national government that shared some power with the states. They argued that the checks & balances in the Constitution prevented any one of the three branches from acquiring preponderant power. They believed that a strong national government was necessary to facilitate interstate commerce & to manage foreign trade, national defense, and foreign relations.

Constitutional Convention §Great Compromise, a House based on representation determined by pop. and a Senate with two rep. from each state §three-fifths compromise

Checks and Balances §Constitution provides for separation of powers: Executive - veto Legislature - impeachment Judiciary - judicial review

George Washington §Cabinet §Two-Terms §Warns against alliances

Marbury vs. Madison § Federal Courts have the power of judicial review over the Congress §Mc. Culloch v. Maryland

Jefferson Buys From France In 1803 Lewis & Clark

The Eli Whitney & the Cotton Gin

Robert Fulton § The Claremont §Invented the steamboat §Transportation improves with speed and two way traffic

Monroe Doctrine § President Monroe warns all European powers not to interfere with affairs in the Western Hemisphere. § directed at the French, Spanish, Portuguese, Russians and the English, claims in the America’s.

Missouri Compromise of 1820 §Allows slavery south of the 36’ 30’ & admits MO as a slave state §Sets the guidelines for the future admission of slave states §Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 & “Bleeding Kansas”

Seneca Fall Convention §Women’s rights convention held in Seneca Falls, NY §The beginning of the women’s suffrage movement §Notable women: Eliz. Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony

Frederick Douglas §Black Abolitionist §Urged Lincoln to recruit former slaves to fight in the Union Army

Fredrick Douglas & Harriet Tubman and The Underground Railroad

William Lloyd Garrison Publisher of the abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator Believes that slavery is a violation of Christian principles and must be ended

Brigham Young and the Mormons go west Salt Lake City, Utah

Texas Independence and the Alamo § Struggle for independence in 1836

Clay’s Compromise of 1850 § Argument for Popular Sovereignty in territories § Let the people decide Territorial disputes and California admission

Party of Lincoln

Dred Scott Decision § 1857 Supreme Court Case § Ruled to be propriety and cannot sue in court § Overturns the Missouri Compromise of 1820

Uncle Toms Cabin §Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852 §Sparks that ignite the Civil War

The Election of Lincoln causes Southern States to withdraw from the Union

Lincoln’s important speeches §Emancipation Proclamation frees the slaves in 1862 §Ends slavery in the United States 1863

Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address §“with malice towards none, with charity for all…to bind up the nations wounds”

Civil War SOL Objectives §Industrial development of the North §After the war, passage of the th th th 13 , 14 , and 15 amendments. Established freedoms former slaves §Homestead Act, 1862

Promontory Point, Utah

Carving up China §U. S. in China §Open Door Policy of free trade in China with out conflict

Inventions/Innovations §Bessemer/steel process §Edison/electric light & phonograph… 1000 patents §Bell/telephone §Wright Brothers/airplane §Ford/assembly line

Henry Ford’s Assembly Line

§Captains of Industry §John D. Rockefeller and Standard Oil…(Ida Tarbell) §Andrew Carnegie & Steel §Social Darwinism – “survival of the fittest”…a law of nature and a law of God §Philanthropy grows

Progressives § The Progressive Era the period from 1893 – 1920 §Belief, values, & reform effort by those who have only the publics well-being to guide them. §Jane Addams and Hull House (settlement house)

Sherman Anti-Trust Act §Prevents any business structure that “restrains trade” (monopolies) §Clayton Anti-Trust Act expands Sherman Anti-Trust Act; outlaws price fixing, exempts unions from Sherman Act

Unions fight for change §Knights of Labor (Terrance Powderly) §American Federation of Labor founded by Samuel Gompers §Important Strikes: Haymarket Square, Homestead Strike, & Pullman Strike

Threats of Immigration §Immigration of 1880’s provides a cheap supply of labor for America’s Industrial Revolution §Eastern Europeans §Chinese Exclusion Act §National Origins Act of 1920’s sets quotas

Progressive Presidents §The Progressive Movement used government to reform problems created by industrialization. §Theodore Roosevelt’s “Square Deal” & Woodrow Wilson’s “New Freedom”

The Big Four at § Wilson’s 14 points the Treaty of § League of Versailles Nations § Blames Germany for the war (War Guilt Clause) §Mandate System

Black Migration §During the late 19 th and early 20 th century, African Americans began the “Great Migration” to Northern cities in search of jobs and to escape poverty and discrimination in the South.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff §Highest protective tariff to date §Wildly prohibitive duty on imported goods resulted with 25 nations passing laws to restrict purchases American goods §Trade collapses…Bank Panic

Stock Market crash of 1929 §Over-speculation on stocks using borrowed money that could not be repaid. When the stock market crashed in 1929, stock prices collapsed, millions were left unemployed §Banks failed

The Great Depression §Causes of the depression §The New Deal: This program changed the role of the government to a more active participant in solving problems. Roosevelt rallied a frightened nation in which one in four workers was unemployed. (“We have nothing to fear, but fear itself. ”)

The New Deal §FDR closes the banks §Orders 4 billion dollars to federal banks to sure up the money supply §Government involvement vs. laissez-faire approach to recovery

Wagner & Social Security Acts §The Wagner Act said that employers had to bargain with their workers §Creates the NLRB to insure fair labor practices §Social Security Act, 1935 provides relief to the nations elderly

FDR & the “New Deal” §Master politician, the fireside chats § Brain Trust…Frances Perkins §Major programs: FDIC, WPA, TVA, SEC, & NRA §Pump priming & government deficits

Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941 §“ A date that will live in infamy” FDR §U. S. declares war on Japan the next day

Japanese-American Interment Camps during WW II

th 6 , D-DAY June 1944 Liberation of Europe

Manhattan Project & the Atomic Bomb §Project to develop the atomic bomb in New Mexico

More WW II stuff §Term: island hopping, how the U. S. moved across the Pacific to defeat the Japanese §The battle of El Alamein in North Africa §Midway, the turning point in the Pacific

Nuremberg Trials

Soviet occupation of Eastern Europe

Cold War §The Berlin Airlift §The Marshall Plan §Truman Doctrine – policy of containment §Berlin Wall erected in 1961

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization & Collective Security

§ The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed as a defensive alliance among the United States and western European countries to prevent a Soviet invasion of Western Europe. Soviet allies in Eastern Europe formed the Warsaw Pact and for nearly 50 years both sides maintained large military forces facing each other in Europe.

Mao & Communist China §By 1949, Communist forces control mainland China §Break from the Soviets

1950’s §Population shift to the suburbs §Baby Boom §Russia launches “Sputnik” §Eisenhower wars of the “military industrial complex” in his farewell address

Mc. Carthyism & the Red Scare §HUAC-the House Un-American Committee roots out Communist in government §Red Scare

§ Senator Joseph Mc. Carthy played on American fears of communism by recklessly accusing many American governmental officials and citizens of being communists based on flimsy or no evidence. This led to the coining of the term Mc. Carthyism, or the making of false accusations based on rumor or guilt by association.

§Jonas Salk finds a cure for polio

Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas 1954 § Plessy vs. Ferguson reversed § Virginia closes public schools open private ones § Thurgood Marshall and the NAACP

Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott & The Little Rock Nine

st 1 Televised Presidential debates, 1960

John F. Kennedy and the New Frontier §Americas first Catholic President §Peace Corps & NASA

Dr. Martin Luther King Non-violent protest Gandhi

Fidel Castro § Fidel Castro led a communist revolution that took over Cuba in the late 1950 s. Many Cubans fled to Florida and later attempted to invade Cuba and overthrow Castro. This “Bay of Pigs” invasion failed.

§ In 1962, the Soviet Union stationed missiles in Cuba, instigating the Cuban Missile Crisis. President Kennedy ordered the Soviets to remove their missiles and for several days the world was on the brink of nuclear war. Eventually, the Soviet leadership “blinked” and removed their missiles.

§ Civil Rights Act of 1964 § The act prohibited discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, and gender. § It also desegregated public accommodations. § Voting Rights Act of 1965 § The act outlawed literacy tests. § Federal registrars were sent to the South to register voters. § The act resulted in an increase in African American voters.

Vietnam War §Gulf of Tonkin §Tet Offensive §Vietnamization

July, 1969 §President Kennedy’s dream fulfilled §Man lands on the moon

June 17, 1972 § Role of the Washington Post § Saturday Night Massacre § Tapes reveal cover-up § Congress moves toward impeachment

Roe vs. Wade 1973 Supreme Court Case legalizes abortion in the United States

§ The Arab The Energy Crisis Embargo of 1973 drove up gas prices § U. S. conservation § Speed limits set at 55 § Alaskan Oil pipeline built

A Conservative Shift § Tax Cuts § Supply-side economics (trickle down theory) § Recession & Recovery

Sandra Day O’Connor 1 st Woman appointed to the Supreme Court of the United States

Fall of the Soviet Union § 1989, satellite nations forced democratic elections §Berlin Wall comes down §East & West Germany reunited

§ Pro-democracy China, 1989 student protest leads to a violent crackdown on Chinese citizens § Human Rights at issue

World’s Hot Spots – The Middle East § Persian Gulf § Ongoing Middle East conflict § Oil § OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries)

§Operation Desert Shield §Desert Storm…Kuwait is liberated after Iraq invasion §UN effort led by the United States (Persian Gulf War, 1991)

The End §This does not include everything, but it does cover a sufficient amount of material that should insure your success on the Virginia SOL exam §Good Luck!!!