Soil Formation Soil forms when weathered parent material

Soil Formation Soil forms when weathered parent material interacts with environment.

• Soil environment includes: – Climate and weather – Animals – Microbes – Human use – Hazards ( natural and unnatural ) – Topographical relief

• Show video of soil carbonic acid extracting minerals from soil

rates of soil formation Slow-------------------Fast ~ 1 cm/1000 yr ~ 30 cm/50 yr

Hans Jenny • 1941: soil is open system, properties are functionally related; system changes when property(ies) change(s). • Jenny’s CLORPT equation s = ƒ (cl, o, r, p, t)

1. CLIMATE 2. ORGANISMS 3. RELIEF 4. PARENT MATERIAL 5. TIME

1. CLIMATE …determines speed, character of soil development: type and rate of weathering living organisms and plants found in an area

components of climate : 1. Temperature -for every 10°C , biochemical rxn rates 2 X 2. Effective precipitation (water that moves through entire soil column, including regolith) -depth of water = depth of weathering -water moves soluble & suspended materials

• (Fig. 2. 15)

Effective precipitation -a) seasonal distribution -b) temperature, evaporation -c) topography -d)permeability

a) Seasonal distribution of precipitation: Location B 600 mm/yr Location A 600 mm/yr 50 mm Every month 100 mm 6 rainy months only

b) Temperature and evaporation: Location A hot High Location B cool evapotranspiration 600 mm Lower effective ppt Low evapotranspiration 600 mm Higher effective ppt

Topography: level slope concave or bottom of slope (receiving)

Permeability:

2. Organisms plant and animal (Living plants and animals on and in soil) -sources of organic matter -nutrient recycling -vegetation prevents erosion -type of vegetation influences soil type -base pumping -

Type of vegetation influences soil type

Base pumping Deciduous trees are more effective base pumpers than conifers. -deciduous litter is easy to break down -cations (bases) are released so surface soils are not acidic -needles are hard to break down -basic cations leach away: soil is acidic

• Macroanimals (insects, mammals, gastropods, earthworms) – mix, bind soil; create channels for air, water

crotovinas

• night crawlers and water

• Macroanimals (insects, mammals, gastropods, earthworms) – mix, bind soil; create channels for air, water • Microanimals (nematodes, protozoa)

• Macroanimals (insects, mammals, gastropods, earthworms) – mix, bind soil; create channels for air, water • Microanimals (nematodes, protozoa) • Macroplants (the green plants) – provide organic matter, roots create channels, adsorb nutrients, release CO 2, stabilize, protect from erosion

• Macroanimals (insects, mammals, gastropods, earthworms) – mix, bind soil; create channels for air, water • Microanimals (nematodes, protozoa) • Macroplants (the green plants) – provide organic matter, roots create channels, adsorb nutrients, release CO 2, stabilize, protect from erosion • Micro “plants” (fungi, bacteria, actinomycetes, algae) – decomposers

3. Relief/Topography • important for rate of runoff, erosion, drainage

Flat valley floors and flat ridge tops: soil accumulates; (deepening>removal) Slopes: (removal> deepening)

• Vertical Zonation – soils, climate, vegetation change with elevation

4. Parent Material • Determines texture, types of weathering, mineral make-up

weathering • Physical (Mechanical): disintegration of parent material; increases surface area: – surface area increases by same factor as particle size decreases • Chemical (Biogeochemical) : primary minerals are broken down and secondary minerals are formed

• Physical: • Chemical (biogeochemical):

• Physical: 1. Freeze/thaw • Chemical (biogeochemical):

Freeze / Thaw

• Physical: 1. Freeze/thaw 2. Exfoliation • Chemical (biogeochemical):

2. Exfoliation

• Physical: 1. Freeze/thaw 2. Exfoliation 3. Abrasion • Chemical (biogeochemical):

3. Abrasion (wind, water, ice) wind

water

ice

• Physical: 1. 2. 3. 4. Freeze/thaw Exfoliation Abrasion Salt wedging • Chemical (biogeochemical):

4. Salt Wedging

• Physical: 1. 2. 3. 4. Freeze/thaw Exfoliation Abrasion Salt wedging • Chemical (biogeochemical): 1. Hydrolysis: minerals react with H 2 O H+ replace soluble parts; OH- combine with mineral cations 2. Hydration: mineral combines with H 2 O 3. Oxidation: mineral combines with O 2 (lose electron) Reduction: loss of O 2 (gain electron) 4. Carbonation: oxides combine with acids to make carbonates 5. Complexation: organic acids form organic complexes with metal cations

5. Time • Amount of time soil has been exposed to weathering and soil forming processes influences soil properties. – Jenny’s staircase – Ohio/Ky.

4 soil forming processes: (pedogenic) Transformation

4 soil forming processes: Transformation Translocation

4 soil forming processes: Transformation Translocation Addition

4 soil forming processes: Transformation Translocation Addition Loss