Soil Compaction and Pavement Design pneumatic rubbertired roller

Soil Compaction and Pavement Design pneumatic rubber-tired roller Sheeps foot roller vibratory steel-wheeled roller

I. A. • • Overview of Soil Compaction (concept): the densification of soil by removal of air. Requires mechanical energy Densification increases with help of water “water acts as softening agent and allows soil particles to slip over one another, thereby increasing the packing factor”

• There is an optimal moisture content that maximizes densification, or maximum density – “optimum moisture, maximum density” Unit weight has units of density * gravity

I. Overview B. Factors Affecting Compaction 1. Grain size 2. Grain shape 3. Sorting

II. Laboratory Methods for Determining OM and MD The Proctor Test (after Ralph R. Proctor, 1933)

II. The Method The Proctor Test (after Ralph R. Proctor, 1933)

Unit weight has units of density * gravity

III. Terms to “Reckon with” Porosity: = volume of voids volume total of material n = Vv Vt Moisture Content: = weight of water weight of dry soil w = Ww Ws Unit Weight: (φw) = weight of soil and water (moist) volume total of soil (lbs/ft 3) φw = Ws+Ww = Ww Vt Vt Unit Weight (φd) : = unit weight (wet) (φd) = φw (dry) 1 + (moisture content /100) 1+(w/100) (lbs/ft 3)

IV. Field Methods of Determining if OM & MD are achieved A. Sand Cone Method

IV. Field Methods of Determining if OM & MD have been achieved A. Sand Cone Method Unit Weight: = weight of soil and water (moist) volume total of soil Moisture Content: = weight of water weight of soil γw = Ws+Ww = Ww Vt Vt w = Ww Ws

IV. Field Methods of Determining if OM & MD have been achieved B. Nuclear Density Meter

V. Pavement Design A. Overview Degree of curvature “Principal cause of pavement failure shown above—not the blacktop”

V. Pavement Design B. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) “How to build a road!”

V. Pavement Design B. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) 1. The California bearing ratio (CBR) is a penetration test for evaluation of the mechanical strength of road subgrades and basecourses. It was developed by the California Department of Transportation.

V. Pavement Design B. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) 1. The California bearing ratio (CBR) is a penetration test for evaluation of the mechanical strength of road subgrades and basecourses. It was developed by the California Department of Transportation. 2. The test is performed by measuring the pressure required to penetrate a soil sample with a plunger of standard area. The measured pressure is then divided by the pressure required to achieve an equal penetration on a standard crushed rock material.

V. Pavement Design B. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) 3. “The Test” Take load readings at penetrations of: “the result” 0. 025” …………… 70 psi 0. 05”……………. . . 115 psi 0. 1”………………. 220 psi 0. 2”………………. 300 psi 0. 4”………………. 320 psi 6” mold Penetrations of 0. 05” per minute “Achieve OM &MD”

4. Plot the Data

5. Determine the percent of compacted crushed stone values for the 0. 1 and 0. 2 penetration. “The Gold Standard” for CBR for 0. 1” of penetration, 1000 psi for 0. 2” of penetration, 1500 psi The standard material for this test is crushed California limestone Example above: for 0. 1” of penetration, 220 psi for 0. 2” of penetration, 300 psi

5. Determine the percent of compacted crushed stone values for the 0. 1 and 0. 2 penetration. Example psi = CBR Standard psi 220 psi =. 22, or 22% 1000 psi 300 psi =. 20, or 20% 1500 psi CBR of material = 22% “The Gold Standard” for CBR for 0. 1” of penetration, 1000 psi for 0. 2’ of penetration, 1500 psi Example above: for 0. 1” of penetration, 220 psi for 0. 2” of penetration, 300 psi

5. Determine the percent of compacted crushed stone values for the 0. 1 and 0. 2 penetration. Example psi = CBR Standard psi 220 psi =. 22, or 22% 1000 psi 300 psi =. 20, or 20% 1500 psi In General: • The harder the surface, the higher the CBR rating. • A CBR of 3 equates to tilled farmland, • A CBR of 4. 75 equates to turf or moist clay, • Moist sand may have a CBR of 10. • High quality crushed rock has a CBR over 80. • The standard material for this test is crushed California limestone which has a value of 100. CBR of material = 22%, or “ 22” “The Gold Standard” for CBR for 0. 1” of penetration, 1000 psi for 0. 2’ of penetration, 1500 psi Example above: for 0. 1” of penetration, 220 psi for 0. 2” of penetration, 300 psi

Potential Corrections to the Stress-Penetration Curves

V. Pavement Design C. The Mechanics of the Design

V. Pavement Design C. The Mechanics of the Design 1. Determine • • The CBR values of the subgrade The type of use expected (runways vs. taxiways)

V. Pavement Design C. The Mechanics of the Design 1. Determine • • The CBR values of the subgrade The type of use expected (runways vs. taxiways) The expected wheel load during service Types of CBR materials available for the construction

V. Pavement Design C. The Mechanics of the Design 2. Primary Goals • Total strength of each layer only as good as what is beneath it • • Therefore, must meet minimum thickness requirements “Don’t break the bank” • Use less inexpensive CBR materials when allowed while not shortchanging the project’s integrity

V. Pavement Design C. The Mechanics of the Design 3. An example A compacted subgrade has a CBR value of 8. What is the minimum pavement thickness if it is to support a taxiway pavement designed to support a 80, 000 lb airplane (40, 000 wheel load)?

“ a point on the curve for a given CBR material represents the minimum thickness of pavement courses that will reside above it, in order to maintain stability

CBR subbase of 8, Taxiway, and wheel load of 40, 000 lb 23 inches

V. Pavement Design C. The Mechanics of the Design 3. An example A compacted subgrade has a CBR value of 8. What is the minimum pavement thickness if it is to support a taxiway pavement designed to support a 80, 000 lb airplane (40, 000 wheel load) 23 inches What is the optimal pavement thickness (wearing surface)? What is the optimal CBR value of upper 6 inches?

V. Pavement Design C. The Mechanics of the Design 3. An example A compacted subgrade has a CBR value of 8. What is the minimum pavement thickness if it is to support a taxiway pavement designed to support a 80, 000 lb airplane (40, 000 wheel load) 23 inches What is the optimal pavement thickness (wearing surface)? What is the optimal CBR value of upper 6 inches? Wheel Pound Loads 15, 000 or less 15 k-40 k 40 k-70 k 70 k-150 k CBR Value 50 65 80 80+ Wearing Surface 0 -15 k……. . . 2” >15 k-40 k…. . 3” >40 k-55 k…. . 4” >55 k-70 k…. . 5” >70 k……. . … 6”

V. Pavement Design C. The Mechanics of the Design 3. An example A compacted subgrade has a CBR value of 8. What is the minimum pavement thickness if it is to support a taxiway pavement designed to support a 80, 000 lb airplane (40, 000 wheel load) 23 inches What is the optimal pavement thickness (wearing surface)? 3 inches What is the optimal CBR value of upper 6 inches? 6 inches of CBR 65/80 Wheel Pound Loads 15, 000 or less >15 k-40 k >40 k-70 k >70 k-150 k CBR Value 50 65 80 80+ Wearing Surface 0 -15 k……. . . 2” >15 k-40 k…. . 3” >40 k-55 k…. . 4” >55 k-70 k…. . 5” >70 k……. . … 6”

3” V. Pavement Design C. The Mechanics of the Design 3. An example 6” CBR = 80 A compacted subgrade has a CBR value of 8. What is the minimum pavement thickness if it is to support a taxiway pavement designed to support a 80, 000 lb airplane (40, 000 wheel load) 23 inches What is the optimal pavement thickness (wearing surface)? 3 inches What is the optimal CBR value of upper 6 inches? 6 inches of CBR 65/80 Wheel Pound Loads 15, 000 or less >15 k-40 k >40 k-70 k >70 k-150 k CBR Value 50 65 80 80+ Wearing Surface 0 -15 k……. . . 2” >15 k-40 k…. . 3” >40 k-55 k…. . 4” >55 k-70 k…. . 5” >70 k……. . … 6”

3” V. Pavement Design C. The Mechanics of the Design 3. An example 6” CBR = 80 A compacted subgrade has a CBR value of 8. What is the minimum pavement thickness if it is to support a taxiway pavement designed to support a 80, 000 lb airplane (40, 000 wheel load) 23 inches What is the optimal pavement thickness (wearing surface)? 3 inches What is the optimal CBR value of upper 6 inches? 6 inches of CBR 65/80 What can we use for the remainder of thickness? Wheel Pound Loads 15, 000 or less >15 k-40 k >40 k-70 k >70 k-150 k CBR Value 50 65 80 80+ Wearing Surface 0 -15 k……. . . 2” >15 k-40 k…. . 3” >40 k-55 k…. . 4” >55 k-70 k…. . 5” >70 k……. . … 6”

Need = 9” minimum thickness

CBR = 27 for remainder of base (14”)

Given: Same CBR subgrade as before Materials available of: CBR=30, 80 Determine: Optimal thickness of each layer while minimizing costs

Given: Same CBR subgrade as before Materials available of: CBR=30, 80 Determine: Optimal thickness of each layer while minimizing costs CBR of 30 needs minimum of 9” of pavement courses above it.

Given: Same CBR subgrade as before Materials available of: CBR=30, 80 Determine: Optimal thickness of each layer while minimizing costs CBR of 30 needs minimum of 9” of pavement courses above it. 3” of wearing surface 6” of CBR 80 in upper 6”

Given: Same CBR subgrade as before Materials available of: CBR=30, 80 Determine: Optimal thickness of each layer while minimizing costs CBR of 30 needs minimum of 9” of pavement courses above it. 3” of wearing surface 6” of CBR 80 in upper 6” 14” of CBR 30

Another Example: Given: Same CBR subgrade as before Materials available of: CBR=15, 30, 80 Determine: Optimal thickness of each layer while minimizing costs

Another Example: Given: Same CBR subgrade as before Materials available of: CBR=15, 30, 80 Determine: Optimal thickness of each layer while minimizing costs 3” of wearing surface 6” of CBR 80 in upper 6”

Another Example: Given: Same CBR subgrade as before Materials available of: CBR=15, 30, 80 Determine: Optimal thickness of each layer while minimizing costs 3” of wearing surface 6” of CBR 80 in upper 6” A CBR of 15 requires X” above it

Another Example: Given: Same CBR subgrade as before Materials available of: CBR=15, 30, 80 Determine: Optimal thickness of each layer while minimizing costs 3” of wearing surface 6” of CBR 80 in upper 6” A CBR of 15 requires 15” above it

Another Example: Given: Same CBR subgrade as before Materials available of: CBR=15, 30, 80 Determine: Optimal thickness of each layer while minimizing costs 3” of wearing surface 6” of CBR 80 in upper 6” A CBR of 15 requires 15” above it A CBR of 30 requires X” above it

Another Example: Given: Same CBR subgrade as before Materials available of: CBR=15, 30, 80 Determine: Optimal thickness of each layer while minimizing costs 3” of wearing surface 6” of CBR 80 in upper 6” A CBR of 15 requires 15” above it A CBR of 30 requires 9” above it

Your turn…. Subbase of CBR=7, 50, 000 lb loads for a taxiway CBR materials available: 80, 30, 15 Design the pavement with attention paid to optimizing costs and stability

Your turn…. Sub base of CBR=7, 50, 000 lb loads for a taxiway CBR materials available: 80, 30, 15 Design the pavement with attention paid to optimizing costs and stability Solution: Total Thickness: 28” Wearing Surface Thickness: 4” Upper 6” of CBR=80 CBR 30 of 7” CBR 15 of 11”

Homework: Subbase of CBR=15, 70, 000 lb loads for a runway CBR materials available: 80, 40, 20 Design the pavement with attention paid to optimizing costs and stability