Software Chapter 3 System Software The Power Behind

Software Chapter 3

System Software: The Power Behind the Power § Application Software § Software developed to solve a particular problem for users § § § Either performs useful work on a specific task Or provides entertainment We interact mainly with this software § System Software § § 3 Enables application software to interact with the computer Helps the computer to manage its own internal and external resources © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

System Software: The Power behind the Power § System Software has 3 basic components § Operating System (OS) § § § The principal component of system software Low-level, master system of programs to manage basic computer operations Some hardware requires specific Operating Systems § § § Device Drivers § § Help the computer control peripheral devices Utility Programs § 4 Macintosh computers run Macintosh OS PCs run Microsoft Windows, Linux, or BSD Unix IBM Mainframes run MVS or VM Cray supercomputers run COS or UNICOS Used to support, enhance, or expand existing programs in the computer © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Operating System: What It Does § Booting § The process of loading an OS into the computer’s main memory § The steps are: 1. 2. 3. Turn the computer on Diagnostic routines test main memory, CPU, and other hardware Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) programs are copied to main memory § § 4. 5 BIOS contains instructions for operating the hardware The computer needs those instructions to operate the hardware and find a copy of the OS Boot program obtains the OS and loads it into computer’s main memory © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Operating System: What It Does § Central Processing Unit (CPU) Management § Kernel is the supervising software that manages CPU § § § Memory Management § § 6 Kernel must remain in memory while the computer runs If another program uses the kernel’s memory when the kernel needs it, the computer will crash OS keeps track of memory locations to prevent programs and data from overlapping each other Swaps portions of programs and data into the same memory but at different times Keeps track of virtual memory Queues, Buffers, Spooling © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Operating System: What It Does § Central Processing Unit (CPU) Management (continued) § Queues, Buffers, Spooling § § § 7 Queue: First-in, First-out (FIFO) sequence of data or programs that waits in line for its turn to be processed Buffer: The place where the data or programs sit while they are waiting To Spool: The act of placing a print job into a buffer Needed because the CPU is faster than printers The CPU can work on other tasks while the print jobs wait © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Operating System: What It Does § File Management § A file is either a § § § The File System arranges files in a hierarchical manner § § § Top level is Directories (aka Folders) Subdirectories come below Folders Find files using their pathname § 8 Data File: a named collection of data Program File: a program that exists in a computer’s secondary storage C: /My. Documents/Termpaper/section 1. d oc © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Operating System: What It Does § Task Management § § § Required for computers that accommodate multiple users Required for computers that allow multiple simultaneous applications Methods of processing two or more programs § Multitasking § § Multiprogramming § § By multiple users in round-robin fashion on one processor Multiprocessing § 9 By multiple users concurrently on one processor Time-sharing § § By one user on one processor By one or more users simultaneously on two or more processors © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Operating System: What It Does § Security Management § § 10 Operating Systems permit users to control access to their computers Users gain access using an ID and password You set the password the first time you boot up a new computer System Administrators can set up new accounts and assign new passwords © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Other System Software: Device Drivers & Utilities § Device Drivers Specialized software programs that allow input and output devices to communicate with the rest of the OS § When you get a brand-new printer or monitor, you may also need to install the device driver for it § Device drivers come with new hardware, or download from the manufacturer’s website, or sites like www. driverguide. com or www. windrivers. com § Utilities § Service programs that perform tasks related to the control and allocation of computer resources § Some come with the OS, others can be bought separately like § § 11 Norton System. Works, Mc. Afee Utilities © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Other System Software: Device Drivers & Utilities § Practical Utility programs perform the following tasks § § § Virus protection Data compression File defragmentation Disk scanner & disk cleanup Backup Data recovery Discussion Question: How many of you have lost important files such as a term paper? Didn’t you wish you had made a backup copy? ALL data media are subject to possible failure and data loss! 12 © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Common Features of the User Interface § The user-controllable display screen you use to interact with the computer § Keyboard and Mouse § § User input devices that you use to interact with the display screen Both devices have special-purpose keys § § 13 Keyboard Special-purpose keys: Esc, Ctrl, Alt, Del, Ins, Home, End, Pg. Up, Pg. Dn, Num Lock Mouse special-purpose keys: left-click, right-click, and (on some mice) scroll wheel or center click © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Common Features of the User Interface § Keyboard § § § 14 Function Keys – let you quickly perform specific tasks Escape Key – lets you quit a task Ctrl and Alt – use combination with another key to bypass using the mouse – Ctrl + S will save a document, Alt + Tab will let you switch between running applications © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Common Features of the User Interface § Keyboard continued § § § 15 Application key – quickly displays the shortcut menu for any item on your screen Status lights – indicate if your Num Lock or Caps Lock keys are on Numeric Keypad – allows you to type in numbers when the Num Lock light is on © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Common Features of the User Interface § Mouse § § 16 Handy tool for dragging and dropping text, graphics Useful for navigating menus on unfamiliar applications © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Common Features of the User Interface § Graphical User Interface (GUI) § § § Allows you to use a mouse or keystrokes to select icons and commands from menus Replaces command-driven interfaces used in earlier programs Three main features are: desktop, icons, and menus § § Desktop: The system’s main interface screen Icon: Small pictorial figure that represents a program, data file, or procedure § § 17 Rollover: A small text box that explains the icon when you roll your mouse over it Menus: A list of built-in commands and/or options from which to choose © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Common Features of the User Interface § To start an application, pick one of 3 methods: § § § 18 Click on the Start button on the lower left corner of the Windows desktop Click on the My Computer icon on the desktop, find the application executable on your hard disk, and click it Click on the My Documents icon on the desktop, find the document you want to open, and click it. It should automatically open the application that created it, if you have that application installed © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Common Features of the User Interface § Most Operating Systems have the following: § § § 19 Title Bar: runs across the top of the display window Menu Bar: shows the names of the pull-down menus available Toolbar: Displays menus and icons representing the most -frequently used commands Taskbar: The bar across the bottom of the Windows screen that contains the Start button A window: A rectangular frame on the computer screen through which you can view a file of data or an application © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Common Operating Systems § Platform § The particular processor model and operating system on which a computer system is based § Operating Systems are platform-specific § PC (Wintel) platforms § § § Dell, Compaq, Hewlett-Packard, IBM PCs Originally ran Disk Operating System (DOS) Currently run Linux, Unix, Windows § Apple (Macintosh) platforms § 20 Run Mac OS (System 9 was proprietary, OS X is Unixbased) © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Common Operating Systems § Mac OS § § § The OS that runs on Apple Macintosh computers Pioneered the easy-to-use GUI Proprietary OS § § § System 9 is OS from 1999, but still popular Mac OS X is based on BSD Unix kernel Leopard is 2007 release of Mac OS X; features include § § § 21 Spotlight – a desktop search engine for locating files on local hard disk Dashboard – for creating desktop “widgets” Automator – automatically helps users to script repetitive tasks © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Common Operating Systems § Microsoft Windows § Windows early versions § § Windows XP – 2001 § § XP Home Edition Windows XP Media Center Windows Vista – 2007 Windows 7 – in 2010 § § 22 95, 98 and ME Touch screen apps instead of mouse Uses a “ 20 year-old Core” © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Common Operating Systems § Unix, Solaris, BSD § § § Developed at AT&T Bell Laboratories in 1969 as minicomputer operating system Is a multitasking operating system with multiple users that has built-in networking capability and a version for every platform Unix interface § § 23 GUI – An optional shell program that starts after the kernel Command interface – starts when kernel loads © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Common Operating Systems § Linux § § A flavor (version) of Unix A free, nonproprietary version of UNIX § § Linux vendors produce Linux Distributions § § § 24 May legally be downloaded and used for free May legally be modified for free, as long as modifications aren’t copyrighted In 2000, adopted by China as national standard OS Software is distributed for free Support services are sold for a profit Many PCs are set up to dual-boot Linux and Windows Discussion question: Which OS do you think will be the dominant one in the next 5 years? Windows? Mac? Linux? © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Common Operating Systems § Operating Systems for Handhelds § Palm OS § § § Windows CE § § § Has familiar Windows look and feel Can be directly programmed using Visual Basic 2005 Symbian OS § § 25 Dominant handheld OS Proprietary OS requires proprietary software Symbian is world’s largest producer of smartphone software Software is open-source © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Application Software § There are 5 ways to legally obtain software 1. Commercial Software § 2. Public-domain software § 3. Copyrighted – but available for free. Pay on honor system Rentalware § 26 Copyrighted – download for free, then pay if you use it Freeware § 5. Not copyrighted – legal to copy Shareware § 4. Copyrighted – license must be purchased Copyrighted – lease for a fee © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Application Software § Software License Types § Site licenses § § Concurrent-user license § § § Specifies the number of people who may use the software Single-use license § 27 Allows a specified number of copies to be used at one time May require additional license-monitoring software Multiple-user license § § Allow software to be used on all computers at a specific location Limits the software to one user at a time © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Application Software § Other software categories § Pirated software § § Software obtained illegally in violation of copyright Software & Industry Information Association Anti-Piracy division prosecutes violators of software copyright laws http: //www. siia. net/piracy/ Don’t pirate software!!! Abandonware § § Software that is no longer being sold or supported by its publisher Subject to copyright for 95 years from date of publication What should you do as a student if you see someone pirating software? 28 © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Application Software § Importing files § § Getting data from another source and converting it into a format for the application you are using Allows you to edit files from other applications § Exporting files § § Transforming data into a format that can be used by a different application, then transmitting it Common export files end in the. rtf extension § Three types of data files § 29 Document, worksheet, database © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Word Processing § Software that uses computers to create, edit, format, print, and store text. § § 30 Microsoft Word licensed for Windows and Mac OS Lotus Smart Suite licensed for Windows Sun Microsystems Star Office licensed for Windows. Linux- and Solaris-based systems (was free) Corel Word-Perfect licensed for Windows © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Word Processing § Tools for creating documents § § § 31 Cursor is on screen to show you where to enter text Scrolling means moving quickly forward, up, down, or sideways through document test display Word wrap automatically continues text to next line when you reach the right margin Outline view puts tags on headings within a document to organize it Inserting is the act of adding text to documents Deleting is the act of removing text from documents © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Word Processing 32 © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Word Processing § Find & Replace Find lets you go straight to any text in your document § Replace lets you go to the text and automatically replace it with something else § Cut, Copy, & Paste § Select the text you want to move § Copy to clipboard, then paste in new location § Or drag the text to the new location § Spelling Checker § Tests for incorrectly spelled words § Often shows them with a squiggly line underneath § You may choose to use the “Autocorrect” feature § 33 © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Word Processing § Grammar Checker § § Highlights poor grammar, wordiness, sentence fragments, and awkward phrases Puts different-color squiggly line under suspect phrases § Thesaurus § § Can be called up on-screen Offers suggestions for alternative words with the same meaning Discussion Question: How does a spell-checker handle different spellings for the same word? Should you trust the spell-checker for everything? 34 © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Word Processing § Formatting Documents using Templates & Wizards § A template is a preformatted document that provides basic tools for shaping a final document § § § A wizard is an interactive computer utility program that leads the user through a task asking questions and using the user’s answers to customize a solution § § 35 You can customize a template with your company’s name, address, etc, then save it and use it again and again Use them when you have to repeatedly create the same basic document Letter wizards create customized letters Memo wizards help you to create memoranda © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Word Processing § Formatting § Font § § § Spacing & Columns § § § Choose how far apart the lines will be (single- or doublespaced) Choose single-column or multi-columned text for your document Margins & Justification § § 36 The typeface, size, and color of your letters Also lets you specify underlined, italic, or bold Indicate width of left, right, top, and bottom margins Justify text left, right, or center © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Word Processing § Headers, footers, page numbers A header is text printed at the very top of the page § A footer is text (like page number) at the page bottom § Other Formatting § You can specify a border around a document or around a paragraph – it can really highlight a point § You can also use shading, tables, and footnotes § Default Settings § These are the settings automatically used by the program unless you change them § Discussion question: What is the difference between editing and formatting a document? Is one more important than the other? 37 © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Word Processing § Saving a document § § § Store a document as an electronic file File Save or click Floppy icon or Ctrl + S Save often, and save in two places § Print § § Print individual pages, the whole document, or several copies File Print or click printer icon or Ctrl + P § Track Changes § Save as Web Document 38 © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Spreadsheets § Electronic spreadsheets were created in 1978 by Daniel Bricklin at Harvard Business School and Daniel Fylstra at M. I. T. and HBS as a study tool § Spreadsheets are organized into columns and rows § § § 39 Cells are where a row and a column meet Cell address is the position of the cell Range is a group of adjacent cells Values are numbers or dates entered into a cell Cell pointers or cursors are where the data is to be entered © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Spreadsheets 40 © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Spreadsheets § Formulas, Functions, Recalculation, What-If § Formulas are instructions for calculations § § § Functions are built-in formulas, such as SUM() Recalculation is the process of recomputing values What-If analysis allows users to see what happens to totals when one or more numbers change in cells § 41 They define mathematically how one cell relates to another cell Example: =SUM(A 5: A 15) sums the values of the cells A 5, A 6, A 7, and so forth up through cell A 15 This is the powerful feature of spreadsheets over manual calculations © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Spreadsheets § Charting and Analytical Graphics § § § Spreadsheets allow you to automatically create graphs When the cells change, the graphs change too Charts are a type of graph that include § § § Bar charts Column charts Line graphs Pie charts Scatter charts Discussion question: How may spreadsheets be helpful in your everyday life as a student? 42 © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Database Software § A database is a structured collection of interrelated files in a computer system with built-in data input and retrieval methods. § In databases § § § 43 Data redundancy is minimized Data is integrated and stored in a structured fashion Data in databases has more integrity than does data stored in separate files Data is organized into tables, records, and fields Data may include text, numbers, and graphics © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Database Software 44 © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Database Software § Database features include § Linking records using a key § § § Querying and displaying records § § Offer a quick way to locate records Saving, Formatting, Printing, Copying, Transmitting § 45 Tables that contain the same field are linked together by fields, so the key can be updated just once Key fields can also be used to sort data Database software allows you to create custom input forms, custom reports, copy search results and paste them into Word, print out addresses to mailing labels, or attach to email © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Specialty Software § Presentation Graphics § Desktop Publishing § Financial Software § Drawing and Painting Software § Project Management Software § Video-audio Editing Software § Animation Software § Web Page Design Software 46 © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Specialty Software § Presentation Graphics Software § § § Use graphics, animation, sound, data, or information to make visual presentations This presentation is an example Contains § § § Design and content templates Slide sorters Outline view Slide view Notes Page View Discussion question: What are some of the disadvantages of using presentation graphics software? 47 © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Specialty Software 48 © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Specialty Software § Financial Software § § Ranges from personal-finance managers to entry-level accounting programs to business financial-management packages Common features § § § 49 Track income and expenses Allow checkbook management Do financial reporting Offer tax categories to assist with tax recordkeeping May also offer financial-planning and portfolio-management features © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Specialty Software § Desktop Publishing § § § Involves mixing text and graphics to produce high-quality output for commercial printing Uses a mouse, scanner, printer, and DTP software Has the following features § § § Mix of text with graphics Offers varied type and layout styles Allows import of files from other programs § Drawing programs § 50 Graphics software used to design and illustrate objects and products © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Specialty Software § Painting programs Graphics programs that allow users to simulate painting onscreen § Produce bit-mapped or raster images § Also called image-editing software § Graphics file formats § § § 51 . bmp (bit-map). gif (Graphic Interchange Format) – copyrighted format used in web pages. jpeg (Joint Photographic Experts Group)- high-resolution. tiff (Tagged Image File Formats) – PC and Macs for highresolution images to print. png (Portable Network Graphics) – public domain alternative to gif © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Specialty Software § Video editing software § § Allows import to and editing of video footage on PC Video editing examples include Adobe Premiere, Sony Pictures Digital Vegas, Apple Final Cut Express, Pinnacle Studio DV, and Ulead Video. Studio § Audio editing software § § 52 Allows import to and editing of sound files on PC Sound editing examples include Windows Sound Recorder, Sony Pictures Digital Sound Forge, Audacity (freeware), Felt Tip Software’s Sound Studio (shareware), Gold. Wave, and Wave. Pad. © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Specialty Software § Animation Software § Simulates movement by rapidly displaying a series of still pictures, or frames § GIF is the first format to be widely used 53 © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Specialty Software § Multimedia Authoring Software § § § Combines text, graphics, video, animation, and sound in an integrated way to create stand-alone multimedia applications Requires fast computer, lots of memory, and good, fast graphics card Macromedia Director and Macromedia Authorware popular examples § Web Page Design Software § § 54 Used to create web pages with sophisticated multimedia features Not required to create simple web pages © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Specialty Software § Project Management Software § A program used to plan and schedule the people, costs, and resources required to complete a project on time § § § Shows project broken down into steps and tasks Each task has a beginning and end date Tasks can be scheduled concurrently or consecutively § Computer-Aided Design (CAD) § Programs intended for design of products, structures, civil engineering drawings, and maps § § § 55 Provide precise dimensioning and positioning of design elements Examples include Auto. CAD, Pro. Engineer, Corel. CAD, CATIA To see an example, go to http: //www. 3 ds. com/flashgallery/discover -3 d-xml/ for CATIA © 2010 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.