Sodium hydroxide Bases Preferred IUPAC name Sodium hydroxide

Sodium hydroxide Bases Preferred IUPAC name Sodium hydroxide Systematic name Sodium oxidanide Other names Caustic soda Lye Graphics Source: Wikipedia

Acid/Base Definitions q Arrhenius Model q Acids produce hydrogen ions in aqueous solutions q Bases produce hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions q Bronsted-Lowry Model q Acids are proton donors q Bases are proton acceptors q Lewis Acid Model q Acids are electron pair acceptors q Bases are electron pair donors

Dissociation of Strong Bases MOH(s) M+(aq) + OH-(aq) Ø Strong bases are metallic hydroxides ØGroup I hydroxides (Na. OH, KOH) are very soluble ØGroup II hydroxides (Ca, Ba, Mg, Sr) are less soluble Ø p. H of strong bases is calculated directly from the concentration of the base in solution

Reaction of Weak Bases with Water The base reacts with water, producing its conjugate acid and hydroxide ion: CH 3 NH 2 + H 2 O CH 3 NH 3+ + OH- Kb = 4. 38 x 10 -4

Kb for Some Common Weak Bases Many students struggle with identifying weak bases and their conjugate acids. What patterns do you see that may help you? Formula Conjugate Acid Kb NH 3 NH 4+ 1. 8 x 10 -5 Methylamine CH 3 NH 2 CH 3 NH 3+ 4. 38 x 10 -4 Ethylamine C 2 H 5 NH 2 C 2 H 5 NH 3+ 5. 6 x 10 -4 Diethylamine (C 2 H 5)2 NH 2+ 1. 3 x 10 -3 Triethylamine (C 2 H 5)3 NH+ 4. 0 x 10 -4 Hydroxylamine HONH 2 HONH 3+ 1. 1 x 10 -8 Base Ammonia Hydrazine H 2 NNH 2 H 2 NNH 3+ 3. 0 x 10 -6 Aniline C 6 H 5 NH 2 C 6 H 5 NH 3+ 3. 8 x 10 -10 Pyridine C 5 H 5 NH+ 1. 7 x 10 -9

Reaction of Weak Bases with Water The generic reaction for a base reacting with water, producing its conjugate acid and hydroxide ion: B + H 2 O BH+ + OH- (Yes, all weak bases do this – DO NOT endeavor to make this complicated!)

A Weak Base Equilibrium Problem What is the p. H of a 0. 50 M solution of ammonia, NH 3, Kb = 1. 8 x 10 -5 ? Step #1: Write the equation for the reaction NH 3 + H 2 O NH 4+ + OH-

A Weak Base Equilibrium Problem What is the p. H of a 0. 50 M solution of ammonia, NH 3, Kb = 1. 8 x 10 -5 ? Step #2: ICE it! I C NH 3 + H 2 O NH 4+ + OH- 0. 50 - x E 0. 50 - x 0 0 +x +x x x

A Weak Base Equilibrium Problem What is the p. H of a 0. 50 M solution of ammonia, NH 3, Kb = 1. 8 x 10 -5 ? Step #3: Set up the law of mass action E NH 3 + H 2 O NH 4+ + OH 0. 50 - x x x

A Weak Base Equilibrium Problem What is the p. H of a 0. 50 M solution of ammonia, NH 3, Kb = 1. 8 x 10 -5 ? Step #4: Solve for x, which is also [OH-] E NH 3 + H 2 O NH 4+ + OH 0. 50 - x x x [OH-] = 3. 0 x 10 -3 M

A Weak Base Equilibrium Problem What is the p. H of a 0. 50 M solution of ammonia, NH 3, Kb = 1. 8 x 10 -5 ? Step #5: Convert [OH-] to p. H NH 3 + H 2 O NH 4+ + OH- E 0. 50 - x x x