SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS CHAPTER 4

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS CHAPTER 4 Social Structure Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure Section 2: Types of Social Interaction Section 3: Types of Societies Section 4: Groups Within Society Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations 1 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure Objectives: w Identify and describe the two major components of social structure. w Analyze how these two components of social structure affect human interaction. 2 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Social Structures, Roles, and Interactions 3 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure Major Components of Social Structure w Status w Role 4 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Section 1: Building Blocks of Social Structure Roles, Status, and Human Interaction w People’s particular roles and statuses affect how they relate to one another. 5 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Write as many sentences as you can filling in these blanks: “In the _____, I am a ______” w Fill in the blanks with the parts you play at school, home, work, clubs, sports, church, and in your free time… w Ex: “In the School, I am a student” 6 “In the store I am a customer” w Each second blank represents a status, and each status has a role… HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Key terms w Social Structure – Network of interrelated statuses and roles that guides human interactions. w Status – Socially defined positions in a group in a society. w Role – Behavior – the rights and obligations – expected of someone occupying a particular status. w Ascribed Status – Status assigned according to standards that are beyond a person’s control. Age, sex, family history and race are examples. 7 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Key Terms (continued) w Achieved Status – Status acquired by an individual on the basis of some special skill, knowledge, or ability. w Ex: athletes, dancers, singers, lawyers, husband w Right now, what do you consider to be your most important achieved status? Explain. w Master Status – Status that plays the greatest role in shaping a person’s life and determining his or her social identity. individuals hold many statuses but the status that plays the greatest role. Can be ascribed or achieved. In US- achieved (occupation, marital status, parenthood), can change over time 8 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Roles w Component of Social structure that bring statuses to life. People play many different roles everyday w Reciprocal Roles- corresponding roles that define the patterns of interaction between related statuses w Husband –wife w Doctor-patient w Athlete-coach w Friend- Friend w Employee-Employer 9 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Consider this list of reciprocal roles: w w w 10 Catcher/pitcher Mother/baby teacher/student Doctor/patient Artist/model Taxi driver/passenger Mugger/victim Conductor/musician Boxer/referee Shopper/clerk Speedboat driver/water skier Tennis player/tennis player w Pick one of these roles out of the box w Don’t tell classmates what you are w When I say go, walk slowly around the room, acting out your roles in pantomime form only, and look for your reciprocal roles. w The 1 st pair to find each other wins w We will proceed for 7 minutes or until everyone has been matched up HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Roles w Role Expectations- socially expected behaviors of a certain person w Parents/ Childrenw Doctorsw Police Officers 11 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Skit w Write a 1 minute skit that shows the “role expectations” and reciprocal roles of your pairs w What is considered socially acceptable? w What is socially unacceptable? 12 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Key Terms (continued) w Role Performance – Actual behavior of a person performing a w w w role. Role Set – different roles attached to a single status. Role Conflict- Situation that occurs when fulfilling the expectation of one role makes it difficult to fulfill the expectations of another role. Ex: Working and caring for a sick child w Working and not doing homework/sleeping w Role Strain – Situation that occurs when a person has difficulty meeting the expectations of a single role. 13 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Status 14 Examples of Roles Examples of Conflict / Strain voluntarily puts self in danger but has loved ones who need him or her fire fighter putting out fires, saving lives, wearing a uniform mother providing food and shelter, work fatigue and long shifts nurturing family, make household tasks and disciplining children interactions difficult P. T. A. president running meetings, recruiting new members, planning activities has trouble getting members to attend and follow through on promises HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS w List all of the roles you play Status Example of Roles Example of conflict/strain today… w What are the role conflicts students are dealing with? w List the roles of one of your parents or adult relatives. w What are possible role conflicts from your list? 15 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Teachers too… w While professionally my role is a teacher, yet there are role conflicts within mine, and other teachers lives as well…. 16 Status Example of roles Example of conflict/strain HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Conflict Resolution Part 1 - w Compromise: to find a solution that meets the demands of both of the conflicting roles w Avoidance or giving up: to dent or drop one of the roles in conflict w Compartmentalization: to behave in different ways in different situations w Rationalization: to tell yourself that the conflict is not there; to deny that it exists w Prioritizing: to decide which of the conflicting roles is more important and act on that one 17 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Part 2 w Give me an example of a role conflict… w Give me three ways to resolve it… w DO PART 2 FOR HOMEWORK! 18 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Extra Credit: 19 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Extra Credit 1: w Roles, like almost everything else in society, change as society changes. In the United States, some of the most notable role changes have occurred in the roles of wife and mother… w Interview an older women (perhaps a grandmother) Ask her about her life when she was raising her children. Did she ever leave her children with a babysitter? Did she work outside of the home? How many hours did she spend working in the home? You may ask her to describe such household chores as cooking, laundry, ironing, and washing the floor. How have these roles and expectations of the homemaker changed in the past 30 -50 years? w Next, for purpose of comparison, examine the roles of wife and mother todayperhaps interviewing your own mother. Do they work outside fo the home? w How many hours a day do they spend on household chores? How has technology altered their roles? (ex: the dishwasher, disposable diapers, frozen entrees, no-wax floors, and penicillin) What do they believe is expected of them as wives and mothers that was not expected of their own mothers? (ex: more community involvement, continued professional and personal growth) 20 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS w *essentially you are recording 2 interviews…one with a grandma or grandma type, and the other with a mother or mother type and comparing and contrasting the roles of a wife/mother then and now. w …it would also be interesting to do the same type of investigation of the roles of husband father. These roles too have changed significantly in the past half-century… 21 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Extra Credit 2: w Go see the school musical Working (This weekend and next weekend) w Complete a chart similar to what we did in class with status, examples of roles, and examples of conflict/strain for 6 of the jobs 22 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Warm-up: ( 5 minutes) Complete the bubble map for social interaction. Come up with as many ways as you can think of for how you interact with people each day… w **Social Interaction: How people relate to one another and influence each others behavior 23 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Turn in Homework (put in your folder): w Conflict Resolution worksheet (part 2) w Extra credit option 1 24 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Section 2: Types of Social Interaction Objectives: w Identify the most common types of social interaction. w Distinguish between types of interactions that stabilize social structure and those that can disrupt it. 25 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Comment on the following quote: “Social interaction takes place at all times, in all places. Human beings cannot interact” w Even not talking is a form of interaction…the messages being sent and interpreted are nonverbal. w Because of those nonverbal messages, each individual affects and is affected by the other. This then is still social interaction 26 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS w Social interaction affect peoples behavior even when they are alone. w What they do when they are alone, what they think, even how they sit, stand, or walk are all socialized w *socialized-learned from others in the social environment 27 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS w Social interaction is a mutual process, meaning that the behavior of 2 or more persons or groups affects and is affected by one another. In our social interactions, messages are often communicated nonverbally. Yet those nonverbal messages can and do have significant influence on human behavior. 28 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Try this next time with a close friend: w 1 st- when the friend talks, w 29 w You should immediately notice a change in your friend’s behavior. This is social have a distracted and interaction. disinterested look on your w When sociologists study social face. This should go on life, they study not only the for a minute or two behavior of the individual but 2 nd- suddenly appear very also the behavior of those around the individual. interested in your friend’s conversation-smiling, w We are social animals and therefore our behavior is only nodding in agreement, fully understood in terms of the and keeping eye contact. social environment HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Section 2: Types of Social Interaction Common Types of Social Interaction w Exchange – interacting in an effort to receive a reward or a return for one’s actions w Competition – two or more people or groups in opposition to achieve a goal that only one can attain w Conflict – the deliberate attempt to control a person by force, to oppose someone else, or to harm another person 30 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Section 2: Types of Social Interaction Common Types of Social Interaction (continued) w Cooperation – two or more people or groups working together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than one of them w Accommodation – a state of balance between cooperation and conflict w Compromise w Truce w Meditation w Arbitration 31 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Section 2: Types of Social Interactions That Stabilize and Disrupt w Competition and Conflict – disrupt social stability w Accommodation, Exchange, and Cooperation stabilize social stability 32 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS The Three Stooges: w What types of social interactions do you see? w How can you tell? w… 33 w http: //archive. org/details /The. PDThree. Stooges HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Exchange Conflict Track Relay Team encompasses all 5 types of social interactions Types of Social Interactions Competition Cooperation Accommodation 34 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Assignment: w 1. Go to your assigned social interaction w 2. While the music is playing put as many examples as you can think of in the circle map for that type of social interaction…once the music stops you stop… w 3. Rotate to the next one… w 4. (repeat step 2) w. GO!!! 35 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Why people interact the way they do? w Exchange Theory – Theory that holds that people are motivated by self-interests in their interactions w Ex: w Reciprocity – Idea that if you do something for someone, they owe you something in return. w Ex: w Which do you agree with most? Why? 36 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS EXIT TICKET: w Draw a picture that describes what you learned in today’s lesson. w Be prepared to explain your drawing to your classmates. 37 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Homework: w Social Interactions: w I want you to become observers of human social behavior. For several days, you should watch the social interactions of people wherever you are- in school, at home, at work, at theater, on the bus, at a restaurant, and so on. w Pay particular attention to who interacts with whom. Who makes eye contact and who does not? Who begins conversations? Where do people position themselves? How does behavior change as group size increases or decreases? w Consider your own behavior. How, if at all, does it change when an adult is present? Or when a member of the opposite sex is present? How is it different when you are with close friends, a teacher, a coworker, an employer, a coach? How is it different when you are alone? w Record your observations and in a few days be ready to share… 38 w EXTRA CREDIT (option 2) w Go see the school musical Working (This weekend and next weekend) w Complete a chart similar to what we did in class with status, examples of roles, and examples of conflict/strain for 6 of the jobs HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Section 3: Types of Societies Objectives: w Identify and describe the types of societies that exist in the world today. w Explain the roles individuals play in these models of group systems. 39 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Section 3: Types of Societies w Preindustrial – food production is the main economic activity and can be subdivided according to the level of technology and the method of producing food w Industrial – emphasis shifts from the production of food to the production of manufactured goods made possible by changes in production methods w Postindustrial – much of the economy is involved in providing information and services 40 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Section 3: Types of Societies Roles of Individuals w Roles related to: w Leadership w Family w Work 41 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Section 3: Types of Societies Preindustrial hunting and gathering; pastoral; horticultural; mechanical solidarity Industrial agricultural Types of Societies manufacturing urban; technology; organic solidarity Postindustrial information; provision of services 42 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Section 3: Types of Societies Group – Set of two or more people who interact on the basis of shared expectations and who possess some degree of common identity. Preindustrial Society - Type of societies in which food productions- carried out through the use of human and animal labor is the main economic activity. Subsistence Strategies – Ways in which a society uses technology to provide for the needs of its members. Hunting and Gathering Societies – Type of society characterized by the daily collection of wild plants and the hunting of wild animals as the main form of subsistence. 43 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Section 3: Types of Societies Pastoral Society – Type of society characterized by a reliance on domesticated herd animals as the main form of subsistence. Horticultural Society – Type of society characterized by a reliance on vegetables grown in garden plants as the main form of subsistence. Agricultural Society – Type of society characterized by the use of draft animals and plows in the tilling of fields. Industrial Societies – Type of Society in which the mechanized production of goods is the main economic activity. 44 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Section 3: Types of Societies Postindustrial Society – Type of society in which economic activities centers on the production of information and provision of services. Division of Labor – Specialization by individuals or groups in the performance of specific economic activities. Barter – Practice of exchanging one good for another. Urbanization – Concentration of the population in cities. 45 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Section 3: Types of Societies 46 Mechanical Solidarity – Close-knit-social relationships common in Preindustrial societies that result when a small group of people share values and perform the same task. (San, Arapesh) Organic Solidarity – Impersonal social relationships, common in Industrial societies that arise with increased job specialization. Gemeinschaft – Societies in which most members know one another, relationships are close, and activities center on the family and the community. Gesellschaft – Societies in which social relationships are based upon need rather than on emotions, relationships are impersonal and temporary and individual goals are more important than group goals. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Brainstorming… w …can be a very effective technique when practiced correctly. However a few simple rules must be followed: w 1. there is no such thing as a bad idea. Any idea should be suggested, regardless of how “good” it is. From ideas come more ideas, so even the worst ideas can generate the best ones. w 2. there is to be absolutely no judging of ideas. Remember that human behavior is affected by the social environment. If a person feels his/her ideas will be judged harshly, that person will alter his/her behavior. w 3. the more ideas the better, so think of as many as possible. 47 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS w You work for the Rhodes Toy Company and they have just created a new robot that does everything-sings, makes the bed, plays basketball, and even does homework. w The company is ready to market this new robot but must first decide on a name for it… w BRAINSTORM!! 48 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Robot Names 2 B: 49 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Robot Names 4 B: 50 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS w This exercise was conducted in a nonjudgmental social environment. w Did it make a difference that you would not be judged? w Discuss: w “social interaction affects and is affected by the social environment” 51 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Section 4: Groups Within Society Objectives: w Summarize the major features of primary and secondary groups. w Identify the purposes that groups fulfill. 52 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS 5 minutes free time! w Identify any group that may have formed w w w Gender group Ethnic group Eye color Political affiliation Neighborhoods w What other groups could you divide into? w Sociologist study persons in groups and divide them into these same groupings as well as many others. 53 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Groups w Two or more people that interact w Members have shared expectations and share a sense of common identity 54 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS w 1. Write your name in a group circle in the middle of the paper. w Write in smaller circles all NAME group around the center one the names of all the groups you belong to. w Include family, friendship groups, clubs, organizations, and so on… 55 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS w 2. Draw a solid line from the group center circle to the groups that are small, intimate, and enduring. (Primary groups) NAME group 56 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS w 3. Draw a dotted lines from group NAME the center circle to the groups that are larger, less personal, less permanent, and have a special purpose. (secondary groups) group 57 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Section 4: Groups Within Society Features of Primary Groups w Interact over a long period of time on a direct and personal basis w Entire self of the individual is taken into account w Relationships are intimate and face-to-face w Ex: Families are the most common group 58 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Section 4: Groups Within Society Features of Secondary Groups w Interaction is impersonal and temporary in nature w Involve a reaction to only a part of the individual’s self w Casual and limited to personal involvement w Ex: classroom, political parties 59 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Extension: w Do the same exercise but this time placing the name of a parent or guardian in the center circle. (on the back) w Is there a difference between your diagram and that of your parent or guardian? w Explain: w What are some of the reasons why adults join 60 groups? Are they similar to your reasons for joining groups? HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS select leaders define boundaries set goals make decisions 61 GROUP FUNCTIONS assign tasks control members’ behavior HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Section 4: Groups Within Society Purposes of Groups w Select leaders – people that influence the attitudes and opinions of others w Define their boundaries – so that members can tell who belongs and who does not w Set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions w Control their members’ behavior – if members violate groups norms, the group cannot survive long 62 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Section 4: Groups Within Society w Aggregate – Groups of people gathered in the same place at the same time w w w who lack organization or lasting patterns of interactions. Ex: Bus Passengers, Movie Theater attendees Social Category – Group of people who share a common trait or status Ex: women, teens, Left handed people Dyad – Group with two members. Triad – Three- person group. Small Group – Group with few enough numbers that everyone is able to interact on a face to face basis w Sociologists have found that small groups consisting of 15 or fewer members works best 63 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Section 4: Groups Within Society w Formal Group – A group in which the structure, goals, and activities of the group are clearly defined. w Informal Group – A group in which there is no official structure or established rules of conduct. w Primary Group – Small group of people who interact over a relatively long period of time on a direct and personal basis. w Secondary Group – Group in which interaction is impersonal and temporary in nature. 64 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Section 4: Groups Within Society w Reference Group – Any group with whom individuals w w 65 identify and who’s attitudes and values they often adopt. In-Group – Group that an individual belongs to and identifies with. Out-Group – Any group that an individual does not belong to or identify with. E-Community – A community of people who interact through the internet or other electronic communications. Social Network – Web relationship that is formed by the sum total of an individual's interactions with other people. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Group Socialization Worksheet: w This should increase your awareness of the socializing nature of groups w Have you ever noticed yourself changing your speech patterns, or interests after spending time with a new friend? w Some say people who spend a lot of time together begin to talk alike, act alike, and even look alike. This is the socializing nature of groups 66 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS w Sociologists use the term boundaries to 67 describe the features that clearly define members of a group. w Ex: boundaries may be in style of dress (members of a girls chorus wear white blouses, and black skirts; members of the police force wear uniforms) w These boundaries not only serve to identify the members of the group but also distinguish them from those who are not in that group HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS w Fill in the worksheet as directed. w Not all groups have names, but they are still distinct groups. w Therefore, on one of the lines you might just write “the kids who always hang around near the tennis courts after school” 68 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Group interaction worksheet: w Part 1: w Competition- the struggle for a goal that not all will be able to achieve w Conflict- defeating the opponent is considered essential to reaching the goal w Cooperation- individuals or groups combine their efforts to reach a common goal 69 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS w Part 2: 2 B w Complete as a class: w A. Sport being analyzed: ________ w B. Explain how each form is present in this sport. Use specific examples. w C. Which form is dominant? 70 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS w Part 2: 4 B w Complete as a class: w A. Sport being analyzed: ________ w B. Explain how each form is present in this sport. Use specific examples. w C. Which form is dominant? 71 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS w Part 3: w On your own… 72 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Exit ticket: w In your own words summarize both primary and secondary groups (give an example of each) w Identify the purposes that groups fulfill. 73 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Homework: due_____ w Keep a diary of your groups activities for one week w At the end of the week fill out the Personal Group Experiences worksheet and staple it to your diary entries. 74 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS I need 6 people to see me after class…. 75 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations Objectives: w Explain how bureaucracies are structured. w Evaluate the effectiveness of bureaucracies. 76 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS “In exactly 5 minutes, I want the title of the best movie ever made written on that line” _______ 77 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS w I have just conducted an exercise to determine leadership. w The student who assumed the role of leader demonstrated that they do indeed, have qualities of a leader 78 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Group Leadership Styles: w (I need my 6 students from last class) w Get into 6 groups (6 from last class pick a group to join) w Perform your task as if you were actually asked to do so in your own school (10 minutes) 79 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Times up! w Discuss your decision-making process, w Did you feel that your suggestions were taken seriously? w Was your leader effective in their role? 80 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Democratic- works with the group and gives all members equal opportunities to participate and voice opinions Autocratic- makes decisions singularly, does not welcome contributions from others Laissez-faire- makes little or no effort to lead, allows the group to interact with no influence from the leader 81 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Section 4: Groups Within Society w Leaders – People who influence the attitudes and opinions of others. w Instrumental Leaders – Leaders who are task - oriented. w Expressive Leaders – Leaders who are emotion- oriented 82 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY Group member Roles 83 1. task manager - organizes and directs the activities of the other members 2. maintenance person - attempts to maintain good morale among the members 3. harmonizer - attempts to settle any disagreements among members 4. gatekeeper - seeks to hear opinions from all members, especially those who have been quiet 5. follower- goes along with the group, accepts the ideas of the group HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS w Get in groups (ideally 7 per group) w Write numbers 1 -7 on separate note cards and place in container w Draw a number…the number you draw is the role you have w Those who draw a number beyond 5 are followers 84 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS w You will have 12 minutes to complete your task w (be ready to describe your task and tell what decisions were reached 85 w Tell what role you played w Discuss the effectiveness of each role. w Were you comfortable in your role? HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS 1. Division of Labor 5. Specific lines of promotion and advancement 4. Rules and Regulations 86 2. Ranking of Authority Bureaucracy (Characteristics identified by Max Weber) 3. Employment based on Formal qualification HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations w Formal Organization – Large, complex secondary group that w w 87 has been established to achieve specific goals. (Examples: Schools, businesses, political and religious and youth organizations, and labor unions) Bureaucracy – Ranked authority structure that operates according to specific rules and procedures. Rationality – The process of subjecting every feature of human behavior to calculations, measurement, and control. Voluntary Association – Non profit association formed to pursue some common interest. Iron Law of Oligarchy – Tendency of organizations to become increasingly dominated by small groups of people. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations Weber’s Model w Division of Labor- Work is divided among specialist in various positions. Each specialist is expected to perform specific duties. w Ranking of Authority- There are clear cut lines of responsibility, and each individual is responsible to a supervisor at a higher level. w Employment based on formal qualifications- Specific qualifications are required for each job. Individuals are hired based upon tests, education or previous experience. (In a bureaucracy, the job –not the job holder –is important. Therefore everybody is replaceable). 88 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations Weber’s Model (continued) w Rules and regulations- There are objective rules, regulations, and routine procedures that identify the exact responsibilities and authority of each person on staff. w Specific lines of promotion and advancement- It is assumed that employees expect a career with the organization. Thus there are clear-cut lines of promotion and advancement. Among the rewards for remaining with the organization are job security and seniority. 89 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Head of the Bureaucracy (CEO, Superintendent, president, etc. ) Department Head/VP Subordinate 90 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Draw an organizational chart of the school: w Now make the same chart for another formal organization. w This time be sure to also describe that organization in terms of the characteristics w (Weber’s Model) 91 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Bureaucracies worksheet: w Become more aware of the bureaucracies that surround you… w List the bureaucratic organizations that you or your family have dealt with w Ex: driver’s license bureaus, employment offices, banks, corporations, billing departments… 92 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Section 5: The Structure of Formal Organizations Effectiveness of Bureaucracies w Efficient at coordinating large numbers of people, defining tasks and rewards w Provides stability w Can lose sight of goals, create red tape, and result in oligarchies w In some instances, rewards incompetence and expands uncontrollably 93 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS Exit Ticket: w What, according to Max Weber’s model, are the major characteristics of a bureaucracy? 94 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

CHAPTER 4 THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY Chapter Wrap-Up 1. How can a person’s status differ from his or her role? 2. How does role conflict affect groups and individuals? How can it be resolved? 3. What are the five most common forms of interaction recognized by sociologists? 4. Identify and describe three broad categories of societies used by sociologists. 5. How do the roles of group members differ between primary and secondary groups? 6. What, according to Max Weber’s model, are the major characteristics of a bureaucracy? 7. What weaknesses influence the effectiveness of bureaucracies? 95 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

CHAPTER 4 THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS SOCIOLOGY Essay Questions 1. Define bureaucracy, identify the five characteristics of a bureaucracy, and then explain which of the five characteristics is most related to “The Peter Principle”. 2. Identify six types of societies and describe the subsistence strategy of each society. 96 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

SOCIOLOGY THE STUDY OF HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS w http: //www. flashcardexchange. com/cards/chap ter-4 -holt-sociology-social-structure-2215204 97 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON