SOCIOLOGY CHAPTER 8 REVIEW The arrangement or classification

• The arrangement or classification of something into different groups.

-a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than

• Each of the layers in a stratification system is a(n) ___________a segment

• What type of countries generally have three broad classes? –Upper –Middle –Lower

Who explained the importance of the economic foundations of social classes.

Who emphasized the prestige and power aspects of stratification?

• Karl Marx predicated that capitalistic societies would be reduced to two social

– 1. Bourgeoisie- those who owned the means of production. – 2. Proletariat- those

• According to Karl Marx: –Those who own and control ________have the power

• Recognition, respect, and admiration attached to social positions. –(Vocabulary term)

• According to the ____________, stratification assures that the most qualified fill the

• According to the________ theory of stratification, inequality exists because some people are

• Marx used the term _______________ to refer to working-class acceptance of capitalist

• Why is attempting to identify the socialclass structure of American society hazardous?

• Social classes are changeable and full of exceptions.

• The upper class includes only one percent of the population and may

• upper-upper class and the lower-upper class.

• Why are People more often in the lower -upper class?

• Due to achievement and earned income than because of birth and inherited

• Often referred to as the _________comprises almost one-third of the population. –Working

• The most common shared characteristics of the working poor and the underclass

• a lack of skill to obtain jobs that pay enough to meet

• ____________ is the absence of enough money to secure life’s necessitiesenough food,

• We measure _____________ by comparing the economic condition of those at the

• Between 1960 and today, women and children make up a larger proportion

• In 1964, President Lyndon Johnson marshalled the forces of the federal government

• What was the philosophy of the war on poverty?

• Philosophy – “Help the poor people help themselves).

• What is the problem with most people entering the workforce after receiving

• hold entry level jobs- in restaurants, cleaning services, and retail stores.

• Involves changing from one occupation to another at the same social class

• With ______________, a person’s occupational status or social class moves upward or

• When a change takes place over a generation, especially a higher level

• In a(n)_______________, there is no social mobility because social status is inherited

• In a(n) _____________, an individual’s social class is based on merit and

• After World War II, an explosion in the availability of high-paying manufacturing

• What do downwardly mobile people experience?

• lowered self-esteem, despair, depression, feelings of powerlessness, and a loss of sense

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SOCIOLOGY CHAPTER 8 REVIEW

• The arrangement or classification of something into different groups.

• Stratification

-a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

• Capitalism

• Each of the layers in a stratification system is a(n) ___________a segment of a population whose members hold similar amounts of scare resources and share values, norms, and an indefinable lifestyle.

• social class

• What type of countries generally have three broad classes? –Upper –Middle –Lower

• Technologically developed

Who explained the importance of the economic foundations of social classes.

• Karl Marx

Who emphasized the prestige and power aspects of stratification?

• Max Weber

• Karl Marx predicated that capitalistic societies would be reduced to two social classes. Name and define the two classes.

– 1. Bourgeoisie- those who owned the means of production. – 2. Proletariat- those who worked for the wages.

• According to Karl Marx: –Those who own and control ________have the power in a society.

• capital

• Recognition, respect, and admiration attached to social positions. –(Vocabulary term)

• Prestige

• According to the ____________, stratification assures that the most qualified fill the most important positions, that these qualified people perform their tasks competently, and that they are rewarded for their efforts.

• functionalists

• According to the________ theory of stratification, inequality exists because some people are willing to exploit others.

• Conflict

• Marx used the term _______________ to refer to working-class acceptance of capitalist ideas and values.

• False-consciousness

• Why is attempting to identify the socialclass structure of American society hazardous?

• Social classes are changeable and full of exceptions.

• The upper class includes only one percent of the population and may be divided into the…

• upper-upper class and the lower-upper class.

• Why are People more often in the lower -upper class?

• Due to achievement and earned income than because of birth and inherited wealth.

• Often referred to as the _________comprises almost one-third of the population. –Working class people include roofers, delivery truck drivers, machine operators, and salespeople.

• lower-middle class

• The most common shared characteristics of the working poor and the underclass is…

• a lack of skill to obtain jobs that pay enough to meet basic needs.

• ____________ is the absence of enough money to secure life’s necessitiesenough food, a safe place to live, and so forth.

• Absolute poverty

• We measure _____________ by comparing the economic condition of those at the bottom of society with the economic conditions of other members of that society.

• relative poverty

• Between 1960 and today, women and children make up a larger proportion of the poor. • Sociologists refer to this trend as the ________________.

• feminization of poverty

• In 1964, President Lyndon Johnson marshalled the forces of the federal government to begin a…

• War on Poverty.

• What was the philosophy of the war on poverty?

• Philosophy – “Help the poor people help themselves).

• What is the problem with most people entering the workforce after receiving welfare?

• hold entry level jobs- in restaurants, cleaning services, and retail stores.

• Involves changing from one occupation to another at the same social class level.

• Horizontal mobility

• With ______________, a person’s occupational status or social class moves upward or downward.

• vertical mobility

• When a change takes place over a generation, especially a higher level of occupation, it is called…

• intergenerational mobility

• In a(n)_______________, there is no social mobility because social status is inherited and cannot be changed.

• caste system

• In a(n) _____________, an individual’s social class is based on merit and individual effort.

• open-class system

• After World War II, an explosion in the availability of high-paying manufacturing jobs made it relatively easy for people to move upward. – However, with _______________, improved means of communication, and better transportation, it is possible for U. S. companies seeking to lower their costs to move their manufacturing operations overseas.

• computer-driven production

• What do downwardly mobile people experience?

• lowered self-esteem, despair, depression, feelings of powerlessness, and a loss of sense of honor.