SOCIOLOGY BY DR SAREER KHAN CHAPTER NO 05

SOCIOLOGY BY DR SAREER KHAN

CHAPTER NO. 05 SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

SOCIAL INSTITUTION Ø Ø AN INSTITUTION IS A BUILDING, NOT A GROUP OF PEOPLE, NOT A ORGANIZATION. AN ORGANIZED CLUSTER OF NORMS TO ACHIEVE SOME GOAL.

DEFINITION OF SOCIAL INSTITUTION 1. Bogardus: A social institution is a structure of society that is organized to meet the needs of people through well established procedures. 2. Davis: A structural cultural patterns to satisfy the basis needs of humanity. 3. A. w. green: A institution is the organization of several for ways and mores into a unit serves a number of functions.

FUNCTION OF SOCIAL INSTITUTION 1. Reproduction: The institution reproduce human race, goods, services, traditions and all other patterns social life. Ø Human race is reproduces in family Ø Material goods and services and produced and distributed by economic institution. Ø Power and authority and status roles are fixed and produced by the political institution.

Ø Values, beliefs, rituals and ceremonies are the products of religious institution. Ø Various techniques and ways life living for the people are produced by educational institution. 2. socialization: All the institutions process social norms by transmitting them to the people socialization is the process of induction into the social world , or we can say that the learning of the ways of life of groups is the socialization.

Socialization of the individuals starts within the family and they come out of the family and get exposure to other institution. 3. Policy making: This is the responsibility of the state i. e. political institutions to make policies for the security and welfare of the people. There are three branches, which are responsible for policies making and implementations.

Ø Legislation makes laws. Ø Judiciary defines these laws and punishes the violators. Ø Executive implements and enforce these laws To the government is responsible for making and implementation of policies. 4. To educate the people: institution are provided

to educate the people e. g. educational institutions provides schools, colleges, universities to increase Literacy rate and aware the people. Religious institution also guides and shapes personality of the young. It teachers morality and ethics.

FAMILY INSTITUTIONS �The family is a universal and multifunctional institutions even in highly advanced societies. Family is one of the oldest institutions, which influences the life as well last code of behaviour of the people. A happy family life helps in making state and society happy and joyous �The terms family has been derived from the “Roman” word “Families” which mean servants.

DEFINITION OF FAMILY 1. Maciver: “ The family is a group defined by a social sufficiently precise and enduring to provide for the procreation and up-bringing of children. ” 2. Merrrill: “The family may be defined as the biological, social unit composed of husband, wife and children. ” 3. Clare: “ Family is a system of relationship existing between parents and children. ”

CHARACTERISTIC OF FAMILY �A family is an institution, which is essential for meeting both the need and necessity of the individual as well as that of the whole society. Some of its salient characteristic are discussed as under. ” 1. Mating Relationship: one of the important characteristics of family is that of mating relationship. Without it no family can come into existence. So mating relationship is important for procreation and up bringing of children, which is a continuation of the institution

2. Marriage: A family pre-supposed institution of marriage it may take any form i. e. may be arranged or love marriage. So marriage is the foundation for the family. 3. Nomenclature: It means giving can family has nomenclature, which reckons its descent. It can be reckoned either from male of female lineage, which distinguishes it from other families.

4. Need satisfaction: A family head is supposed to meet economic needs of the members and to raise their living standard. It means family is held responsible for needs satisfaction of its members. 5. Common habitation: Each family must have common habitation, which implies that the members of family must be together under one roof.

Types/classification of families �Family is universal institution. Nut all families are not of one and the same type. Families have been differently classified into different types. As under a) On the basis of residence In which the residence is discussed given briefly

1. Matrilocal residence: In it residence of female has got more important than that of the male member. In this kind of residence the husband of the newly. married couple moves towards the residence of the wife’s parents. We also call him as Ghar-Da-Maad. And this kind of residence is called matrilocal residence.

2. Patrilocal residence: this is the reverse of matrilocal residence. In this type of residence the couple moves towards the residence of the husband’s parents. The couple starts living there. This type is the known one and mostly in practice in our society. 3. Changing residence/ New residence: In this system the living is not permanent with either of the spouse’s parents. But in this system the residence changes. As the couple spent some time

with the husband’s parents and sometimes with wife’s parents. So the residence is changing and never remains the one and the same in this system of residence b. On the basis of ancestry In this system of family the lines of descent is traced. Given below briefly

1. Patrilineal family: In this type the line of descent is traced. Given below briefly line. The lineage is decided through the father. This system is dominant in our society. 2. Matrilineal family: This is opposite to the above. In this type the lineage is determined through the mother.

On the basis of authority in this basis the authority and the sources discussed briefly as under: 1. Patriarchal family: the family in which the authority rests within the hands of the male member or male head of the family i. e. father. In this family father is considered as the man source and the only source of authority and what so ever he decides, considered as the final.

2. Matriarchal family: The family in which the source of authority is considered as the female head i. e. mother. So all the matter is decided by the mother and considers as the final one. d. On the basis of marriage Given as under: 1. Monogamy: The system in which the person is allowed to marry only once. This form is

the popular one in the world as well as in our society. 2. Polygamy: ‘poly; means more and gamy means to marry. So to marry more than once is the polygamy. It has two types as under: i. Polyandry: to have more than one husband. It means if a woman marries more than once to more than one man is the polyandry.

ii. Polygyny: if a man is to marry to more than one woman is polygyny. It a man has more than one wife is the polygyny. This is popular on our society. e. On the basis of number individuals There as follows 1. Conjugal or nuclear family: In this form there is husband, wife and dependent children or unmarried children. This also called simple

Family or nucleus family or elementary family. Husband+ wife + dependent children = nuclear family 2. Joint family: the family in which there are husband wife and their married and unmarried children and also sometimes their brothers and sisters. Husband +wife + married & unmarried children +brothers and sisters = joint family

3. Extended family: This is similar to that of joint family. But the difference is that of kitchen. In extended family, all the members either having the relation of siblings or parents and children, they live in the same house, but the kitchen will be separated. Every one will be having its own kitchen. 4. Consanguine family: The family consists of husband, wife children and also their blood relatives.

Husband + Wife + Children+ Blood Relatives = consanguine family 5. Family Or Orientation: The family in which the individual is born is called family of orientation. In that family he/she starts learning about the culture and other things. 6. Family or Procreation: The family in which a person gets married is called family of procreation

for example husband’s family is the family of procreation for the wife and wife’s family for the husband. Function of family institution The family performs according to the responsibility of this the function. The function have been divided into:

a) Essential b) Non-essential c) Essential function: The family continues to performs some basic functions. Some of these are: 1. Satisfaction of sex need: the basic function satisfied through marriage.

2. Reproduction: in fact sex satisfaction is one of the basic needs, which leads to reproduction of children. Having children is religious us well as social need Though reproduction the race perpetuates. The family reproduce as well as raring them. 3. Giving love and sympathy: All the family members are requires to extend love, affection and sympathy to each other. All are required to solve each other’s problems. It means that they have developed a sense of inter-dependency on each

Other. Children require affection form their parents and so is the case with husband wife who want love from each other , no other institution can be its substitute to go so deep in this respect in this life to its members. The amount of emotional satisfaction and love, which an individual gets from its family unit, cannot be matched with any other thing.

4. Socialization of members: The family assigns roles and statuses to family members according to their age and sex. This institution is further responsible for their proper socialization or education i. e. to import values system and cultural patterns. The realization of self among children also takes place through their interaction in the family. The individuals are

Socialized to pick up social habits and be an affective and useful part of the society. 5. Security and protection: The members when born cannot protect themselves form risk and danger. Till they become able to protect themselves, this is the responsibility of the family to see that they are not open to any risk and get proper protection.

So the members of family are protected from all types of outside economic and emotional treats and dangers. b. Non essential functions: These are non-essential function in the sense that each family performs them according to its capacity and these are performed in a varying degree. Such functions are as under.

1. Economic functions: This is proper division of work. We find that the women are given household duties and men out side work. Pooling of resources, consumption of goods and services are the control of family. The members of the family get food, shelter and clothing through the family. 2. Social functions: Family is the center of all

Enter activities. An individual gets its social status through the family. The family dermines individuals status and role according to its value system and culture patterns. The family socializes its members. It bring social control to check either the members obey the moral norms or not and also checks the antisocial activities. It also help in the selection of life partner.

3. Religious functions: Family teaches its members that what is their religion and what are their modes and methods of worship. It also teaches about right and wrong ideas for family, community, country and humanity. 4. Cultural function: Family is the center of culture and all culture activities. It sees that the members are molded according to the family culture and the culture heritage is preserved.

The members are made to live up its culture 5. Other function: It includes educational, recreational, political, social, health etc. the family performs all these functions. It directly enhances social control through different ways.

� MARRRIAGE: Marriage is the approved social pattern whereby two to more persons establish a family. It involves not only the right to conceive and rear children, but also a host of other obligation and privileges affecting a hood many people.

Definition of marriage It has been defined as under. 1. Jacob and stern: “ Marriage is a term for social relationships of husband wife or of plural mates , also used for the ceremony of uniting marital partners. 2. Young and Mack: “ Marriage is the institution or set of norms which determines the particular relation of parents of each other and to their children.

Mate Selection It refers to the finding of spouse by man and woman. There are two methods given as: a) Exogamy: when a person marries outside one’s group, caste, religion, class, or race, it is attributed as exogamy. ‘Exo’ means outside and ‘gamy’ means to marry. It means to marry outside is called exogamy. In the modern times this marriage is mostly in practice.

b. Endogamy: ‘Endo’ means within and ‘gamy’ means to marry. So to marry within the group is endogamy. It is opposite to exogamy. This marriage is in practice mostly in the rural areas of pakistan. This practice within the groups, class, caste, race, religion etc. There are so many reasons for practicing this marriage. One reason is to maintain the purity of one’s blood and not to mix-up with the outside group, class, caste and religion.

Type Of Marriage Different societies have different views for the social recognition and approval of marriage. That is the reason that is why we find different types of marriages. The main types of marriage are given below: 1. Monogamy the form of marriage in which one person is allowed to marry once. The person is to have second spouse only in the case when the first one is either died or divorced.

This form of marriage is very common and prevails in many societies of east as well as west and especially in pakistan society. 2. polygamy: the form in which the person (man or woman) is allowed to marry more than once. Male as well as female is allowed in this case to marry more than once. But our religion allowed only male to marry more than once (4 times) and the woman is not allowed, but when her first husband either died or divorced, she can remarry with other male.

Polygamy is further sub-divided into i. Polygyny: in this form the husband is permitted to have more than one wife at one end the same time. This form of marriage is permitted by our religion Islam to have more than one wife. ii. Polyandry: In this form one woman marries to more than one man. A woman is having more than one husband at one and the same time,

Common in malabar (India). It is further subdivided as: iii. Fraternal Polyandry: when a woman is considered and treated as the wife of all the brothers living I the family and the offspring is considered to be the son/daughter of eldest brother.

iv. Non-fraternal polyandry: In this form a woman is supposed to have more than one husband but it is not essential that theses husbands should either be brothers or must live at the same place. They can live separately and woman may go from one husband to the other at a place where he is living. In this form biological fatherhood is not important.

Special rituals are performed for the election of father and handing over of the baby. 3. Group Marriage: The type of marriage in which the brothers are required to marry with the sisters living together. There is no specification that who will the wife or husband of whom.

4. Experimental Marriage: Some people argue that before a couple permanently enters into matrimonial alliance, both boys and girls should be allowed to come together and freely mix and meet to understand each other. They developed understanding for marriage, they should marry, other wise not.

5. Inter caste marriage: Caste system is very strongly present in India. Every one believes in the purity of blood, therefore the people do not encourage mixing with other castes. But now inter-caste marriage are practicing there. Inter caste marriage is of two types. 6. Anuloma: When the men of high castes are allowed to marry the women of lower castes is called Anuloma.

Men (higher casts) + women (lower casts) = Anuloma 7. Pratiloma: When the women of higher castes mar to the men of lower castes is called pratiloma. women ( higher castes ) + men ( lower castes ) = Pratiloma.

8. Hypergamy: A man belonging to the nobility is allowed to marry a woman of lower social status is called “Hypergamy” But when a woman of higher social status is marrying a man of lower social status is called “Hypergamy”. 9. Sororate marriage: It the wife is died. After the death. The husband marries this deceased

Wife’s sister. It means the he marries his sister-n-law after the death of his wife. This marriage is called sororate marriage and is common in our society. When a person is to marry several sisters is called sororal polygyny. 10. Levirate marriage: When the husband is died. After the death the wife marries her deceased husband’s brother. It means that a person marries the widow of his brother. It is common in our society.

11. Marriage by elopement: If a boy and girl run away and marry against the choice of their parents. They marry either in court or other place, but the consent of their parents is not involved. This marriage is called marriage by elopement. 12. Compassionate Marriage: The dissolution of marriage by mutual consents due to having no

children. They (couple) have complete understanding and mutual consent that it there is no child, the marriage will be dissolved. The marriage is compassionate marriage. 13. Arranged Marriage: the marriage, which arranged by the consent of both sides parent. The parents of both boy and girl will come together and decide for their marriage.

Sometime even the boy and girl doses not see one another. They only sacrifice for the pleasure of their parents. 14. Love Marriage: the system under which the youngsters themselves select their life partners is called love marriage. Both of the mates feel that they get sufficient maturity to decide about their future life and selection of their mates with whom they are to pull on throughout their life.

They therefore, argue that let their choice and word be final in such matters and not those of the parents. 15. Swara Marriage: This is common in pukhtoon, society. When any conflict occurred, one party faced injustice and the other did it. The jirga will be arranged and decide one party as the defaulter and the other as innocent.

So the innocent party will get favour from jirga. The Jirga if decided that the defaulter will give their daughter, sister or other woman as a fine to remove the difference with the opponent party. The marriage of that female of the defaulter party will be arranged with a male of the innocent party, be called Swara marriage.

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