SocioEconomic Development and Crimes SocioEconomic Development and Crimes

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Socio-Economic Development and Crimes

Socio-Economic Development and Crimes

Socio-Economic Development and Crimes • This article refers to indicators of economic and social

Socio-Economic Development and Crimes • This article refers to indicators of economic and social changes and shows that economic development is not necessarily an unmixed blessing. • • • The indicators of economic and social changes are: Urbanization Housing Unemployment Juvenile delinquency Health care

Urbanization • There is a close and mutually interdependent linkage between the processes of

Urbanization • There is a close and mutually interdependent linkage between the processes of economic and social changes which if not properly handled breeds anti-law activities related to crime. • There is a general agreement that the question of urban development and sociology of the city must be discussed in the context of overall political economy. • From this perspective Urban crime is seen as related to rapid unplanned growth with insufficient long term concern for housing, employment, educational, medical and social services for recreation and leisure.

Urbanization • In the experience of some Eastern European countries, careful social planning at

Urbanization • In the experience of some Eastern European countries, careful social planning at the city level might avoid increased criminality in circumstances of rapid urbanization. • In the developing nations, increase in criminality in the cities is seen not as a direct result of urbanization but as sudden and unplanned urban expansion. • Contemporary urbanization in developing countries differs significantly from patterns of former periods. In developed nations urbanization took many decades while the process in developing countries is taking far more rapidly.

Urbanization • The number of larger cities in the developing world is expanding rapidly.

Urbanization • The number of larger cities in the developing world is expanding rapidly. Eighteen cities in the developing world are expected to have more than 10 million inhabitants and Mexico City is expected to triple this number. • Notwithstanding the differences in pattern in all of them urbanization is excessively rapid, concentrated and costly and this brings concentrations of poverty and inefficiency (in relation to housing and public services).

Urbanization • Urbanization provides for increase in productivity and income and reduction in the

Urbanization • Urbanization provides for increase in productivity and income and reduction in the incidence of poverty. • Rural to urban migration is frequently mentioned as the primary factor of urbanization, population growth appears to be equally crucial. • The nature and pattern of urbanization, the structure of cultural activities, the growth of transportation and communication and increased educational facilities have an impact on urbanization.

Urbanization • Urbanization is a psychological, social, political and economic reality. • It connotes

Urbanization • Urbanization is a psychological, social, political and economic reality. • It connotes all types of changes in patterns of population distribution and displacement, work habits, housing, greater complexity of life, urban unemployment and underemployment, urban poverty, conflicting socialization process and increased opportunities for crime.

Urbanization • Delinquency and crime are not unduly concentrated in the urban areas of

Urbanization • Delinquency and crime are not unduly concentrated in the urban areas of any country but in larger cities. • Developing countries’ cities such Cairo, Mumbai, Kolkata, Bangkok, Mexico City, Bogota, Lagos etc. have a much larger share of delinquency and crime. • Migration to cities results in highly heterogeneous population.

Urbanization • While long range prevention action requires institutional change, some direct safety measures

Urbanization • While long range prevention action requires institutional change, some direct safety measures can be taken to reduce the perpetration of crime. • More structured efforts involve remodeling of old structures, low cost housing schemes with adequate security etc. • In Developing countries the shortage of housing is an alarming factor affecting the quality of life.

Urbanization • In the case of Pakistan, the process of Urbanization can be explained

Urbanization • In the case of Pakistan, the process of Urbanization can be explained with reference to Karachi. • The population growth rate is estimated to be 5. 6 percent per annum, 3% Karachi's natural growth and 2% to 3 % is due to migration. • Almost all economic and social indicators show that Karachi is still way ahead of the rest of the country in terms of development. • Nevertheless the richest and largest settlement in the country has been confronted with serious problems that have hampered further development.

Urbanization • Karachi's difficulties may have been compounded by the uniqueness of the city's

Urbanization • Karachi's difficulties may have been compounded by the uniqueness of the city's political development. • Violence and carnage dominated Karachi for much of the 1990 s and exacerbated the problems typically associated with a large metropolis. • The formal sector and the government planning machinery have failed to develop and provide affordable and appropriate land, housing and or credit to the lower income groups.

Urbanization • The conditions faced by overcrowding and dilapidated housing contribute seriously to health

Urbanization • The conditions faced by overcrowding and dilapidated housing contribute seriously to health hazards for the urban poor. • Industrialization have heightened the rapid process of Urbanization. • The elimination of biases against the rural areas is a preliminary condition for a more balanced development combined with an effort to provide the countryside with an adequate infrastructure for industrialization.

Housing • In many cities of developing nations, more than half of the population

Housing • In many cities of developing nations, more than half of the population lives in slums and squatter settlements, b/w one fourth and one third of the urban population have no access to water supply and have no facilities for disposal of human waste. • Since they are not able by themselves to remove institutional and economic barriers affecting their access to housing markets, they engage in land invasion, illegal land deals or illegal developments.

Housing • There are 19. 7 million households in Pakistan (13. 5 million rural

Housing • There are 19. 7 million households in Pakistan (13. 5 million rural and 6. 2 urban ) accommodating a population of 131. 5 million. • The household size in 1998 was 6. 6 persons which is overcrowded by international standards (6. 7% recent estimates). • The present estimated backlog of housing is 4 million. About 35% of the total urban population lives in katchi abadis and slums. • Most of the rural houses are katcha and devoid of water supply and sanitation facilities. Water supply is available to 58 % of the total population and sanitation facilities to 32%. • As far the provision of low income housing is concerned, attempts in the past have failed to address the needs of the poor as government policy has been incompatible with the economics and sociology of the poor.

Unemployment • In developing countries under-employment is a more preoccupying phenomenon than open unemployment.

Unemployment • In developing countries under-employment is a more preoccupying phenomenon than open unemployment. • Economic survey of Pakistan defines unemployment as all persons of 10 years of age or above who during the period under reference were (a) without work i. e. were not having paid employment or self employment (b) Currently available for work i. e. were available for paid employment or self employment (c) Seeking work i. e. had taken specific steps in a specified period to seek paid employment or self employment. • Unemployment rate is 5. 9% according to 2017 economic survey.

Unemployment • Unemployment rate needs to be complimented by other indicators especially the duration

Unemployment • Unemployment rate needs to be complimented by other indicators especially the duration and frequency of unemployment. • Pakistan saw a ban on recruitment in government offices and a slow down of economic activity for a long time during the period 89 -90 to 98 -99. • This resulted in increased number of suicides and a mushroom growth of young militants who were exploited by extreme sectarian outfits.

Poverty • The profile of poverty in the world varies with its definition. •

Poverty • The profile of poverty in the world varies with its definition. • The World Bank defines poor as he/she whose income is not sufficient to satisfy his/her minimum food requirements. • The reduction in public expenditures associated with recession has affected employment directly, public employment. • A reduction in the income of the households has been very likely a result of recession and stabilization policies. • In synthesis the results of recession and stabilization policies have worsened income distribution patterns and the poverty of the population.

Poverty • Seen in the context of Pakistan much of the research done on

Poverty • Seen in the context of Pakistan much of the research done on poverty prior to 1990 -91 indicates an impressive downturn in its incidence in Pakistan. • Sayeed and Ghaus use an indirect approach to explain this fall in poverty. After identifying the causes of the fall in poverty in the first place, they look at these factors in the post -1991 period, taking a macro perspective.

Poverty • The reasons given for the fall in poverty prior to the 1990

Poverty • The reasons given for the fall in poverty prior to the 1990 s are the high GDP growth, impact of workers remittances, contribution of fiscal policy and government expenditures. • The analysis of poverty in Pakistan suggests that poverty returned to Pakistan in the 1990 s as the growth rate of economy had fallen, remittance declined, food subsidies have cut and inflation increased affecting the poorest the most.

Poverty • Kemal has shown that the share of wages in national income fell

Poverty • Kemal has shown that the share of wages in national income fell from 32. 3 % in 87 -88 to 30 % in 90 -91. The overall Gini coefficient increased from 0. 35 in 1987 to 0. 41 in 1991. • In addition not only was there a cut in food subsidies of 22. 4 % b/w 1991 and 1995 but also the “rationalized” tax structure resulted in more indirect taxes, with a decline of 4. 3% in the tax burden on the rich and an increase of 10. 3% in the tax burden on the poor.

Poverty • There are many factors which are aggravating the poverty situation in Pakistan.

Poverty • There are many factors which are aggravating the poverty situation in Pakistan. Unjust distribution of resources, monopolization of power, corruption, stratification of society into groups, vested interests are all responsible for the deplorable situation in Pakistan. • These changes are also reflected in family socialization pattern especially in the behavior of children and youth. • The psycho-social impacts of these changes and its increasing pressure on the population to engage in criminal activities cannot be underestimated.

Juvenile Delinquency • The school has always been mentioned in relation to the complex

Juvenile Delinquency • The school has always been mentioned in relation to the complex aetiology of crime in developing societies. • A revitalization of education as a force for development and social cohesion is urgently needed. • Most of the juveniles in conflict with the law have experienced the effect of educational problems in the context of a varied aetiological phenomenology.

Juvenile Delinquency • It has been said that instruction and formal education imparted at

Juvenile Delinquency • It has been said that instruction and formal education imparted at school, rather than promoting basic values common to all sectors of given nations in development, has accentuated cultural splits and heightened discriminatory policies against ethnically and culturally disadvantaged groups. • The school could be used to build a socialization process oriented towards social justice, co-operation, solidarity and respect for others and the environment.

Juvenile Delinquency • The educational process could help in the prevention of crime and

Juvenile Delinquency • The educational process could help in the prevention of crime and the rehabilitation of the offender. • There are some 800 million adult illiterates in developing countries. In practice all children who do not complete several years of primary school remain illiterate. • Nearly a third of the children of primary school age are not in school.

Juvenile Delinquency • No precise figures pertaining to juvenile delinquency in Pakistan are available.

Juvenile Delinquency • No precise figures pertaining to juvenile delinquency in Pakistan are available. However on 31 st March 1999 the total population of juvenile offenders in the prisons of Pakistan stood at 3780 including 3378 under trial, 340 convicted and 62 condemned young prisoners. • Traditional factors like money, land, women, honour, old enmity and water disputes are the main factors causing juvenile delinquency in Pakistan.

Juvenile Delinquency • The emergence of deeni madaris which impart instructions in militancy and

Juvenile Delinquency • The emergence of deeni madaris which impart instructions in militancy and sectarian hatred to young people below 18. • According to a survey conducted by the Punjab Police , there were 3080 such institutions in the beginning of 1999. • Raw mind with indoctrination to kill persons belong to other sects than their own add to the number of juvenile delinquencies.

Health Hazards • In relation to nutrition, low-income countries had, on the average, 35%

Health Hazards • In relation to nutrition, low-income countries had, on the average, 35% of their population suffering from malnutrition. • About 1 billion people in the developing areas are at a risk of contracting a tropical disease. • Pakistan's health statistics are extremely poor. Life expectancy is only 60 years, 55 % of the population has access to health services and 40% of children are classified as malnutrition.

Health Hazards • The effects of malnutrition and ill health in children seriously impairs

Health Hazards • The effects of malnutrition and ill health in children seriously impairs school performance and working habits, and this pattern of imposed failures is prone to emerge in the form of criminal behavior. • Pakistan's health care system is typical of many post colonial underdeveloped countries with some peculiarities. • The health care has changed little from the time of the British. It is essentially doctor oriented, it has a curative rather than a preventive emphasis.

Health Hazards • It is urban biased in terms of personnel and resources, now

Health Hazards • It is urban biased in terms of personnel and resources, now a dominant role of private sector health facilities. • Its highly inequitable with ability to pay rather than need determining access to health care. • Higher inflation and lower food subsidies is making life more difficult for the poor and private health care is beyond there reach. • If utilities like water and sewerage are privatized they will not be available to the poor.