Social Studies STAAR Test Review ERA I Colonization

Social Studies STAAR Test Review

ERA I Colonization 1607 -1763

1. Reasons for English Colonization • Social • Economic • Religious-

2. Jamestown- 1607 • First permanent English settlement in North America.

3. Virginia House of Burgesses • First representative assembly in the colonies.

4. 1620 • Founding of Plymouth Colony • Mayflower Compact- Early example of self government.

5. Representative Government • Power is held by the people who elect representatives to look out for their interests.

6. Settlement of American Colonies • New England (CT, NH, MA, RI) – Settled by Pilgrims in 1620’s and Puritans in the 1630’s to escape religious persecution in England • Middle Colonies (NY, NJ, PA, DE) – NY was important trading areas – William Penn founded PA for religious freedom • Southern Colonies (VA, MD, NC, SC, GA) – Maryland founded by Catholics feeling religious persecution – GA was created for debtors

7. Colonial Economies • Southern- Agricultural “cash crops” and slavery • Middle – Agriculture, trade, “Bread Basket Colonies” • Northern- Industrial, ship building, fishing

8. Agriculture (Plantations) • Large farms that usually grow one kind of cash crop.

9. Cash Crops • Grown to make money.

10. Mercantilism • Economic system where colony can only trade with Mother Country (England). Hurt the colony’s economy

11. Free Enterprise • Economic system where there is competition between businesses with little governmental control.

12. Triangular Trade • Buying and selling of humans forced labor.

13. Slavery Established Transatlantic slave trade-millions of Africans were captured, shipped across the Atlantic Ocean, and sold • Cheap labor for cash crops • Invention of cotton gin in 1793 • Slavery became a controversial issue

14. People of the Colonies • Thomas Hooker – founder of state of Connecticut, “Father of American Democracy”. – Connecticut adopted the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut sometimes called the “First Written Constitution” • William Penn – – Established Pennsylvania as a refuge for Quakers. – He supported freedom of worship, welcomed immigrants, and did not require residents to serve in a militia.

15. People of the Colonies • Anne Hutchinson – Banished from Massachusetts colony – One of the founders of Rhode Island

16. Causes of the French and Indian War 1756 • Territorial disputes (British wanted French land in North America) • British fought against French soldiers and Native Americans (Native Americans fought because they were afraid the British would take over their land)

17. Effect of the French and Indian War • Colonies paid taxes to help pay off England’s war debt.

18. Treaty of Paris 1763 • Ended the French and Indian War • Proclamation Line of 1763 – no settlement by colonists west of Appalachian mountains

ERA II Revolution 1763 -1789

19. Increasing Tension with Britain British Policy Definition American Reaction Sugar Act Tax on Sugar Taxation without representation Stamp Act Tax on Documents Organized Protests; Sons of Liberty form Townshend Act Tax on imported goods Boycott the British Tea Act Taxed Tea Boston Tea Party Intolerable Acts Closed Boston Formed First Continental Congress

20. “No Taxation Without Representation” • Reason colonists were upset with British government.

People and Documents that Influenced American Government

21. John Locke • His writings on the nature of government influenced the founding fathers. • Developed the idea inalienable rights.

22. Charles de Montesquieu • French political philosopher • Defined the principle of separation of powers and checks and balances within a government

23. William Blackstone • English judge and professor • Gave the first University lectures on English Common Law

24. George Mason • Self educated American farmer and landholder • His writings influenced the new American government • Believed in restricted government and the need for a Bill of Rights

25. Magna Carta • A document drafted in 1215, it limited the power of the king and guaranteed the right of trial by jury.

26. English Bill of Rights • Called for frequent elections • Guaranteed the right to bear arms • Forbade cruel and unusual punishment • Trial by jury

Leaders and People of the Revolution

27. King George III • King of England during the American Revolution.

28. George Washington • Commander of the Continental Army.

29. Samuel Adams • Opposed British taxation. • Helped form the Sons of Liberty.

30. Patrick Henry • Known for his “Give Me Liberty Or Give Me Death” speech.

31. Wentworth Cheswell • Educated African. American Patriot and Justice of the Peace • Made the same midnight ride as Paul Revere

32. James Armistead • African-American spy during the American Revolution • Spied primarily on Lord Cornwallis and his army

33. Crispus Attucks • American Hero and Martyr of the Boston Massacre

34. John Paul Jones • “Founder of the U. S. Navy” • Harassed the much larger and better equipped British Navy proving them vulnerable

35. Marquis de Lafayette • French Noble and military officer • Commanded American troops during the war • Diplomatic ties to the French government

36. Haym Salomon • Polish Jew who spied for Americans • Held by the British as German translator

37. Bernardo de Galvez • Spaniard who held off the British in New Orleans • Allowed Americans use of the port

38. Mercy Otis Warren • Patriot writer, playwright, poet, and supporter of independence • First woman historian of the American Revolution

39. Thomas Paine • Wrote “Common Sense” which gave reasons to fight for independence.

40. Abigail Adams • Wife of John Adams • Penned many famous letters • Early advocate for women’s rights

41. James Madison • “Father of the Constitution” • One of the authors of the Federalist Papers • Author of the “Bill of Rights”

42. Alexander Hamilton • One of the authors of the Federalist Papers • Leader of the Federalist Party • First Secretary of the Treasury

43. Benjamin Franklin • Writer, inventor, philosopher, and an appointed Diplomat of the fledgling U. S. government • Helped convince France to help the colonists fight the British.

44. Thomas Jefferson • Wrote the Declaration of Independence in 1776. • This listed grievances (complaints) against King George III.

45. Revolutionary War Declaration of Independence 1776 - a document written by Thomas Jefferson, claiming Independence from Great Britain based on the philosophies of Locke, Montesquieu, and Blackstone

46. Unalienable Rights • Rights that cannot be taken away. • In the Declaration of Independence they are-

Battles of the Revolution

47. Lexington and Concord • Opening battles of the American Revolution.

48. Saratoga • Battle which was the turning point of the revolution. • France began to help the colonies after this victory. Victory

49. Winter at Valley Forge • Where Washington’s army spent a difficult winter but emerged a stronger force.

50. Yorktown • Last major battle of the war. • Ended the American Revolution. • 13 colonies became independent from England. USA

52. Treaty of Paris 1783 • Ended the American Revolution • British recognized American independence. • Mississippi River became the western border of the U. S.

53. Articles of Confederation • First U. S. Constitution. • Weak National government.

54. Philadelphia Convention • Also called the Constitutional Convention • Delegates met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to revise the Articles of Confederation. • Instead they wrote an entirely new constitution and formed a new government.