SOCIAL SCIENCE III REFORMATION OUTLINE Reformation Background Causes

SOCIAL SCIENCE III REFORMATION

OUTLINE �Reformation Background �Causes �Early reformers �Martin Luther �Henry VIII �Quiz (part 1)

Reformation backgrounder �Over centuries, rulers, scholars and members of the clergy criticized church practices. �Though reforms were made and introduced publicly during the Middle Ages, problems with the Church still lingered.

CAUSES OF THE REFORMATION �Problems in the Catholic Church Corruption of Church leaders ▪ Pope Pius II says “If the truth be confessed, the luxury and pomp of our courts is too great. ” Poorly educated low-ranking members of the clergy ▪ Couldn’t read nor teach people of the words of God. Marrying, gambling, drinking, and other practices which counter the doctrines of the Church. ▪ Pope Alexander VI admits to having fathered several children.

Early Calls for Reforms � In the late 1300 s and early 1400 s, John Wycliffe and Jan Hus advocated church reform. POPE does NOT have the right to worldly power. Bible had MORE authority than Church leaders. � Girolamo Savonarola from Florence. Wanted to change Florentine’s secular view. Executed for heresy, eventually. By the early 1500 s, more Europeans began to question religious teachings.

MARTIN LUTHER � � 1517, Martin Luther opposed the actions of a friar named Johann Tetzel who was selling indulgences by raising money to rebuild the St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome. Tetzel gave this impression that by buying indulgences, a person can have an assured place in heaven. 95 THESES These are formal statements aimed to criticize the “pardon -merchants”. � Luther wanted a full reform of the Church. His ideas rested on three: � People could win salvation only by God’s forgiveness. All Church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the Bible. All people with faith were equal.

The Birth of Lutheranism �After being excommunicated, Luther and his followers became a separate religious group called Lutherans. Priests were dressed in ordinary clothes. They would be called as ministers. Ministers were allowed to marry. They led services not in Latin but in German.

The DARK side of Martin Luther � Luther was revolutionary in his ideas on the Church’s teachings. Many people began to apply Luther’s ideas to society. German peasants’ revolt to end serfdom Luther’s response: SHOW PEASANTS NO MERCY 100, 000 peasants, more or less, were massacred by German princes’ armies.

The Peace of Augsburg �The agreement that the religion of each German state was to be decided by its ruler. German princes loyal to the pope VS German princes who supported Luther. Protestants was the term used to refer to these protesting German princes (against an agreement between the Pope and his loyal German princes to join forces against Luther’s ideas). Charles V, wanting to put an end to the dispute between German princes, ordered all of them to assemble in the city of Augsburg.

King Henry VIII and Protestantism in England � Was a young, strong, handsome, intelligent royal. � Loved sports, literature, music, food, and most of all, he loved his God. � Defender of the Faith

Henry VIII and his Political needs � Fear of producing no heir Believed that Catherine of Aragon could no longer bear a son (they only had one child – Mary) First sought to have his marriage divorced, then he wanted it to be annuled Pope’s side is with Catherine of Aragon Henry breaks with the pope and started the Protestant Anglican Church. � Secret marriage to Anne Boleyn Parliament legalized their marriage The Parliament ended pope’s power in England by approving the Act of Supremacy – English king, not the pope, is the official head of England’s Church.

Death of Henry VIII and the birth �Married 6 times. �Produced 3 children, all of whom would eventually rule England: Edward VI – king of England at the age of 9. And ruled for only 6 years. Mary – devout Catholic who reinforced the authority of the Pope over the English Church. Elizabeth I – Anne Boleyn’s daughter who would restore Protestantism in England.

Quiz # 5. 1 �True or False 1) According to John Wycliffe and Jan Hus, the 2) 3) 4) 5) bible has more authority than the Church. Johann Tetzel was selling his self just so to acquire money for the beautification of St. Peter’s Cathedral. Henry VIII was known as the Defender of Faith before going against the Church. Henry VIII’s reasons for going against the Church were personal and political. Mary would restore Protestantism after the death of Henry VIII.

Anglicanism � Became Queen of England in 1558 � Elizabeth I returned her kingdom to Protestantism. � Somehow, she tried to harmonize Protestantism and Catholicism. For Protestants, priests in the QUEEN ELIZABETH I, head of the Church of England or Anglican Church of England were allowed to marry. For Catholics, the Church of England maintained the rich robes and golden crucifixes. Furthermore, the Book of Common Prayer was revised to be acceptable to Catholics.

Other forms of Protestantism JOHN CALVINISM � Institutes of the Christian Religion � “Men and women are sinful in nature. ” � Predestination explains that Believed that the ideal government was theocracy, Calvin would eventually lead the Protestants in Geneva, Switzerland. God has known since the beginning who will be saved.

JOHN KNOX PRESBYTERIANS � A Scottish preacher who was greatly inspired by Calvin’s ideas. � Knox, with other Scottish Protestant nobles, made Calvinism as their country’s official religion. Huguenots, on the other hand are those Calvinists in France.

ANABAPTISM � People who had been baptized as children should be rebaptized as adults. � “to baptize again” � Church and state must be separate, they refused to fight in wars. � They shared their possessions. Anabaptism would later influence Quakers and Baptists who would split from Anglican Church

Catholic Reformation CATHOLIC REFORMATION ST. IGNATIUS DE LOYOLA � “Helping Catholics to � Spiritual Exercises –laid out remain loyal to the Church” � Aka the COUNTER- REFORMATION a day by day plan of meditation � Society of Jesus – Jesuits (members of the order) Founded superb schools throughout Europe Convert non-Christians to Catholicism Stop Protestantism from spreading

Reforming Popes PAUL III � Directed a council of cardinals to investigate indulgence selling � Approved the Jesuit order � Used Inquisition to seek out and punish heresy in papal territory. � Gathered a great council of Church leaders at Trent

COUNCIL OF TRENT The Church’s interpretation of the Bible was FINAL. 2) Christians need faith and good works for salvation. 3) The Bible and the Church were equally powerful authorities for guiding the Christian life. 4) Indulgences were valid expressions of faith. 1)

PAUL IV EFFECTS OF REFORMATION � Index of Forbidden Books – � Protestant religion list of books considered dangerous to Catholic Church. Most of them were Protestant Bibles flourished � Religion no longer united Europe � Set the stage for modern world.

Quiz # 5. 2 �Yes or No