Social Revolutions Minority Movements MexicanAmericans Chicanos A cultural

Social Revolutions

Minority Movements

Mexican-Americans (Chicanos) A cultural identity Latinos are losing their native culture and heritage Have trouble living in two worlds The “gringo” and their own Most of their schools were second class Wanted fair education Wanted Latino teachers and administration

Mexican-Americans César Chávez A non-violent protestor Often achieved goals through marches and fasts Went on numerous hunger strikes Longest was 36 days in 88 against pesticides Founder of the United Farm Workers An organization of Mexican field hands United migrant farm workers to bargain for fair rights and wages Many of them were American citizens Organization across America

Mexican-Americans César Chávez The Grape Growers of California Refused to pay fair wages Chavez institutes a nationwide boycott of non-union grapes Begins a 25 day water fast Repeated in lettuce and other crops California forces union recognition Collective bargaining required between growers and unions

Mexican-Americans The Brown Berets A semi-military group Promised to protect Latinos from police brutality

Mexican-Americans Political Tactics Latinos in the House of representatives and Senate Not many but they were there Still under represented La Raza Unida Loosely translates to The people united A political party promoting better housing and jobs Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF) Provide legal aid to Latinos

Asian-Americans Japanese after WWII Release from internment camps Want reconciliation for losses Lost millions of dollars in homes and businesses while interred Finally get it 20, 000 tax free 1988

Asia-Americans Japanese after WWII Still looked down on Especially in the west Paid significantly less than whites Relied on the civil rights movement to help them Large increase in Asian Immigrants

Asian-Americans Hawaii becomes 50 th state 1959 Provides Hawaiians representation in congress Many Hawaiians are of Far Eastern descent Daniel Inouye President Pro-Tempore of Senate Leader of the senate Medal of Honor recipient

Asian-Americans Immigration and Nationality Act 1965 Abolishes the quota system in immigration Limit of 170, 000 per country of origin Focuses on skills and family relations If you have family here or good skills you are preferred More immigrants from Asia and Latin America

Feminist Movement

Feminism Political, economic, and social equality for men and women

Conditions for Women WWII and Rosie the Riveter Women got a taste of working on their own Not all women went back to the home Unequal pay for same job 1963 women make 37% less 1973 women make 43% less Men would get pay raises

Conditions for Women go to college Women in college almost double Educated women expect to get jobs Un- or underemployed The place of women is the home

Impact of Civil Rights Women held leadership roles in the movement Learned many techniques to progress Political pressure Direct action

Impact of Civil Rights Act of 1964 Title VII Prohibits discrimination based on race, nation of origin, or gender Did not originally include gender Creation of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Took women’s claims less seriously

National Organization of Women (NOW) There is a rising women’s consciousness A non-profit organization Mostly for white middle class women Still around active today

National Organization of Women (NOW) Equal rights under law and practices Equal hiring and payment practices Equality in marriages Men and women share moneymaking, household, childrearing Trying to break the “false image of women”

Issues on a national stage Equal Rights Amendment to the constitution “Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of Sex” Did not pass Was brought up on a regular basis

Issues on the national stage Roe v. Wade Was illegal for a woman to get an abortion in Texas Supreme court struck down this law “Inherent right to privacy” It is a woman’s right to choose States are still allowed to set regulations only in later stages

Backlash Not all women felt this way Many women felt that to be truly fulfilled was to stay at home Campaigns against the ERA

Still Inequality It is a continuing battle On average, women make less than men Even in the same jobs About 77% of men’s wages In political representation 17 in the Senate 65 in the House

Still Inequality Education Fewer women in math and science Did not used to take advanced math, science, psych etc. in high school Business ~4% of Fortune 500 CEOs (about 21) The Glass ceiling The general practice of hiring more man than women in high profile jobs

Other Minorities Americans with Disabilities Act Signed in 1990 by George Bush Sr. Prohibits discrimination of people with disabilities Disability defined as “a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits a major life activity” Illegal to deny jobs based on disabilities Requires disability access to public facilities An Unfunded Mandate You have to do it but we wont give you money for it

Native American Rights

Roots of Activism Land claims The government reneged on numerous treaties Trail of Tears Most of the west

Roots of Activism Land Claims (cont) Kinzua Dam project Creation of a dam to solve flooding issues in New York Would destroy acres of Seneca Nation lands Held meeting to decide on dam and appropriations Did not include the Seneca Attempt to repeal decision Appeal to Kennedy Administration Upholds the project Must pay 15 million in damages Doesn’t replace the land

Roots of Activism American Indian Movement (AIM) Began in Minneapolis by Chippewas Focused on problems of Natives in cities Took example of militant black groups Began patrolling the streets Began a survival school Desire to remind youth of cultural roots

Confrontations with the Government Alcatraz Island 1969 -1971 The prison had been retired in 1963 The Treaty of Laramie Disused federal land returns to the native people it was taken from If its not used any more it returns to the natives

Confrontations with the Government Alcatraz Island (cont) Occupation by 78 members of different tribes land on Alcatraz Plan to make a education and cultural center on the island Also a protest against the Bureau of Indian Affairs Stated that they would pay the same amount they were paid for it . 47 and acre, or 9. 40 for the island Government can maintain the Coast Guard lighthouse Later joined by others

Confrontations with the Government Alcatraz Island Federal marshals remove protestors Year and a half later Some had already left to return to school First major protest of native Americans Government begins working with Native Americans Sets precedent for future protests

Confrontations with the Government Wounded Knee 1973 Site of an 1890 massacre Pine Ridge Reservation is one of the poorest Half of families on welfare AIM members take control of the village and protest at Wounded Knee Want to draw attention to over 300 broken treaties Native American leaders support the occupation

Confrontations with the Government Wounded Knee Federal troops surround the village Occupation lasts 73 days Supplies are cut off in the middle of winter Gunfire is exchanged Death of local boy calls end to the occupation Marshals and natives reach an agreement to disarm Native Americans leave the village Government takes control of it Tensions still run high in this area FBI agent killed years later The incident is not forgotten

Confrontations with the Government Responses Attempts by Kennedy and Johnson Try to provide jobs and income Nixon Most of the major movements during his administration Indian Education Act of 1972 Tribes and councils have more control over education Indians regain lost lands

In Popular Culture Portrayed in the media AIM and others was unhappy about the portrayal of native Americans Seen as stereotypical and demeaning

In Popular Culture Use as mascots Heavily debated in nearly all franchises Proponents state that it is respectful and pay homage Opponents say they are demeaning and stereotypical They are a people not a mascot Fighting Illini now a flying I Many colleges and even high schools have changed Mascots The controversy still rages