Social Research Methods Hypothesis and its types Presented

Social Research Methods: Hypothesis and its types Presented by Asst. Prof. Deepali Kamble, Sociology P. E. S. Modern Law College, Pune

Hypothesis: � Once the selection, formulation and definition of the problem have been accomplished, the derivation of hypotheses is the most important step in the research process. � It is usually considered as the principal instrument in research. � Hypothesis is considered as a prediction, that gives directional to the researcher to answer the research question. � Hypothesis or Hypotheses are defined as the formal statement of the tentative or expected prediction or explanation of the relationship between two or more variables in a specified population.

Definitions: � George a Lund Berg: “A hypothesis is a tentative generalization, the validity of which remains to be tested in its most demeatary stage, the hypothesis may be a mere hunch guess imaginative data, which becomes the basis s for action investigation. ” � Goode and Hatt: “A proposition which can be put to test to determinate validity. ”

CHARACTERISTICS �A Hypothesis must be Capable of Verification. � A Hypothesis must be Related to the Existing Body of Knowledge. � Hypothesis should be Precise. � Hypothesis should be Simple � Hypothesis should be Specific

Types of Hypothesis � Simple � Complex � Empirical � Null � Working � Alternative � Logical � Statistical

SIMPLE HYPOTHESIS � Simple hypothesis is that one in which there exits relationship between two variables one is called independent variable or cause and the other is dependent variable or effect. � Ex-Unemployment leads to poverty � Ex-The higher ratio of unemployment leads to crimes.

COMPLEX HYPOTHESIS � Complex hypothesis is that one in which as relationship among variables exists. � In this type dependent and independent variables are more than two � Ex. Smoking and other drugs leads to cancer, tension, chest infections etc. � The higher ration of unemployment poverty illiteracy leads to crimes like dacoit etc.

EMPIRICAL HYPOTHESIS � Empirical which means it is based on evidence. � In scientific method the word "empirical" refers to the use of working hypothesis that can be tested using observation and experiment. � Empirical data is produced by experiment and observation.

Continue…… QUESTION FORM OF HYPOTHESIS: � It Is the simplest form of empirical hypothesis. � In simple case of investigation and research are adequately implemented by resuming a question. � Ex. How is the ability of 9 th class students in learning moral values? v

NULL HYPOTHESIS �A Null Hypothesis is a hypothesis that expresses no relationship between the variables. � It negates association between the variables. � Null the hypothesis that there is no significant difference between specified populations, any observed difference being due to sampling or experimental error. � A Null Hypothesis has its own purpose. � A Null Hypothesis is made with an intention where the researcher wants to disapprove, reject or nullify the null hypothesis to confirm relationship between the variables. � It is denoted by ‘H 0’ � Ex- Poverty has nothing to do with the rate of crime in a society.

Working Hypothesis �A hypothesis that is accepted to put to test and work on in a research is called a Working Hypothesis. � It is a hypothesis that is assumed to be suitable to explain certain facts and relationship of phenomena. It is hoped that this hypothesis would generate a productive theory and is accepted to put to test for investigation. � It can be any hypothesis that is processed for work during research.

ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS � If the working hypothesis is proved wrong or rejected, another hypothesis is formulated to be tested to generate desired results, this is known as an Alternative Hypothesis. � As the name mention it is an Alternative assumption which adopted after the working hypothesis fails to generate required theory. � Alternative Hypothesis is denoted by ‘H 1’.

STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS �A hypothesis which can be verified statistically called statistical hypothesis. � The statement would be logical or illogical but if statistic verifies it, it will be statistical hypothesis. .

DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS � Directional Hypothesis predicts the direction of the relationship between the independent and dependent variable. � Ex-High quality of nursing education will lead to high quality of nursing practice skills. � Girls ability of learning moral science is better than boys.

NON DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS � Non -directional Hypothesis predicts the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable but does not specific the directional of the relationship. � Example-Teacher student relationship influence student’s learning. � There is no significant difference between 9 th class boys and girls abilities of learning moral values.

CASUAL HYPOTHESIS � Causal Hypothesis predicts a cause and effects relationship or interaction between the independent variable and dependent variable. � This hypothesis predicts the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable

ASSOCIATIVE HYPOTHESIS � Associative Hypothesis predicts an associative relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable. � When there is a change in any one of the variables, changes also occurs in the other variable

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