SOCIAL MEDIA AND ITS ATTRIBUTES TOWARDS SOCIAL UNREST
SOCIAL MEDIA AND ITS ATTRIBUTES TOWARDS SOCIAL UNREST APSIG 2019 - 2019 -07 -09 TUESDAY 1 IGF Sri Lanka M. B. B. Kirindigoda IGF / SIG Sri Lanka
INDEX Introductions Related theories Sri Lankan History and Violence Internet and Easter Attack Social Media and Sri Lanka What people think Is Social Media Encourage Mass Violence? Responsibility of Social Media Contents (Facebook) Facebook Twitter, Linked. In and Ill content Social Learning theory, Mass Society Theory vs Ill Content Sources and References 2
OBJECTIVE To identify the relevance of Social violence's and Social Media Attributes. 3
MAIN HYPOTHESIS Social media has used as a platform for spreading the misinformation, fake news and hate speech which causes social unrest and violence. 4
LITERATURE REVIEW Social Cognitive Theory - Albert Bandura Mass Society Theory - Émile Durkheim 5
SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY - ALBERT BANDURA Selfie Postures 6
WHAT IS LEARNT , HOW IT IS LEARNT, HOW IT OUT PUTS ? ? ? These poses are not standardized but people remember these poses and consequences of the pose. It's human nature that looking for much appreciation. A pose which has been appreciated by many will be absorbed by our subconscious mind. [Acceptance] When we ready for a selfie the mind sends the message of how we should pose for the particular selfie as we have reserved it to future use. 7
SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY - A LBERT BANDURA People observe a model performing a behavior and the consequences of that behavior, they remember the sequence of events and use this information to guide subsequent behaviors. 8
MASS SOCIETY THEORY - ÉMILE DURKHEIM Social integration became problematic in two Ways. � Anomie (lack of the usual social or ethical standards in an individual or group) involves insufficient regulation of behavior � Egoism (treats self-interest as the foundation of morality) involves excessive individuation of people. 9
MASS SOCIETY THEORY - ÉMILE DURKHEIM Small number of interconnected elites who control the conditions of life of the many, often by means of persuasion and manipulation 10
WHAT THEY USE TO SPREAD ? Media � Public Speeches � Mouth to Mouth � Traditional Media � Internet Media 11
SOCIAL VIOLENCE IN SRI LANKA – HISTORY TO PRESENT Background of Sri Lanka � An island nation of nearly 23 million people, who is the majority is Sinhalese, Tamil and Moors, Malays, Burgher, who are from religions of Buddhist, Hindu, Islam and Christian. � After the colonization this land is a source for violence. � But Early (Pre) history has no difference full of wars Rama Ravana Mahawansam 12
PRE HISTORIC VIOLENCE Evidence of human colonization in Sri Lanka appears at the site of Balangoda Man arrived on the island about 34, 000 years who lived in caves. Ramayanaya _ of Walkmy has been considered as a Hindu Epic. It was about a worrier nation named “Lanka. Puraya” 13
HISTORY VIOLENCE Sri Lankan history is full of wars and invasions. Portuguese intervention Dutch intervention There wars between the Sinhalese and the Tamil who came from Chola kingdom of South India particularly during the 10 th and 14 th centuries, the common people of the both groups lived as peacefully as they could without a conflict. Both communities moved and settled each other's predominant areas and lived with them maintaining communal harmony. 14
COLONIZED PERIOD Many believe that the Colonial rulers has planted the seeds for Multiple conflicts for the easiness of administration and controlling. British placed Sri Lankan Tamils , Moors (a local minority) in positions of power over the majority Sinhalese. 15
POST COLONIZED PERIOD It is not an exaggeration to say that relation between the different ethnic groups worsened only after the British interfered in the island's politics. After the British gained complete control of the island in 1833, following the recommendations of the Colebrooke - Cameron commissions of 1831 administrative unification reforms, brought the sharply divided island under the highly centralized unitary state. 16
COLONIAL PERIOD CONT… Many believe that the Colonial rulers has planted the seeds for Multiple conflicts for the easiness of administration and controlling. British placed Sri Lankan Tamils (a local minority) in positions of power over the majority Sinhalese. Colonial Office favoured political representations on the grounds of administrative expandlency as a response to local demands, which were brought about by the Sinhalese and Tamil elites. And they chose to organize political representation on a racial basis. 17
30 YEAR WAR In the initial period of war the Internet was not so popular and population it used is very less. But the latter part the growth of Internet is immense. The dissemination of news and information was increased. In the 1988 -1997, 2001 riots were not been sourced by the Social Media. It is important to understand that the Ethno - Religious stress has been deposited within each communal group in Sri Lanka. 18
AFTER THE WAR ERA It seems that though the Go. SL had won the battle on 19 May 2009, the war still continues in a different realm – the cyberspace. The new battlefield of this war is the space provided by the boundless social media and networking sites. The belligerents are Go. SL and overseas Tamils including vast Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora, serving as a virtual state. ” 19
CONT. . It is evident that Sinhalese are a minority of the world and Tamils and Muslims are Majorities. The power in the Global economy - Global Politics voice of Sinhalese were been unheard. Not only but the Rulers who are part of the Sinhalese were never estimated the needs and wants of the countries majority. 20
LAST 5 YEARS (2014 AND ONWARD) ANTI-ISLAMIC SENTIMENT Last 5 years in Sri Lanka what we saw is more Anti -Islamic sentiments over the country. These incidents have been mostly discussed that social media has been used as a medium to promote , mobilize the violence. 2014 - Aluthgama 2018 - Digana 2019 - Easter Attack and beyond 21
2014 ALUTHGAMA It is alleged that a personal altercation between a Sinhalese driver of monk and two Muslim youth in a narrow road at Adikarigoda caused for the violence ( Farook, 2014). However, such a personal altercation, though it initially settled at the spot, was morphed into a communal riot between Sinhalese and Muslims. This period BBS, Ravana Balaya, like organizations has been spread much critiques over Islamic society. Within the same period above incident took place. Same time Anti-Muslim sentiment has been used Social Media and web heavily to spread their messages and created groups of followers. 22
2018 - DIGANA After a Death of a Sinhalese driver who has been beaten by gang of Unfortunately Muslim gang had caused unrest in the area of Digana Kandy March 2018. He has been hospitalized for 8 days before demise. The Anti-Muslim sentiment is backed the incident which was spreaded across the country even before the incident. To control the sentiment Internet & Social Media were Restricted for 13 days. Same group BBS has been accused to the unrest. 23
2019 EASTER ATTACK &SOCIAL MEDIA RESTRICTION Anti – Islamic Sentiment was bit low when the Easter Attack took place. (Independent actions were there for activities such as Wilpattu ) There were highly unstable political environment Few elections are coming by. 24
INTERNET AND EASTER ATTACK After the Easter Attack Government Blocked Internet Completely for 7 Days Imposed Emergency law Few were questioned over Fakenews , Mis. Information , Violent Content allegations. We believe Gov. SL is trying to monitor, control social media to cover their failures. Cyber Security Bill is being released for public comments and heard there are few more Internet related Bills Many believed that mechanism for Deep Packet Inspections were placed. 25
ANTI-ISLAMIC SENTIMENT OVER SOCIAL MEDIA Traditional Media and Social Media published many images, videos or Brutality repeatedly. They publish unconfirmed , mis information. They published information on Security Missions. Full of Hate Speech against Terrorist as well as Islamic Community as a whole. Many movements still progressing to eliminate trade between Islamic Community and other Community. Social Media has become the source of communication within the activists, groups. 26
SRI LANKA SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS 27
SOCIAL MEDIA OBSERVATIONS IN SRI LANKA Youths are more in to facebook - Male and Female Intergarm is more used by Youth Females Within social media groups they have their own sub cultures (Anomie Mass-Culture Effect ) These � groups involves insufficient regulation of behavior Such groups mostly run by people with Individual morality ( 28
IS SOCIAL MEDIA ENCOURAGE MASS VIOLENCE Survey (18 participant ) Selection (IGF Sri Lanka Community) Due to ethical reasons the survey had only limited to selected group. 29
DO YOU THINK SOCIAL MEDIA HELPS PROMOTE VIOLENCE? 30
HOW ARE THEY PROMOTING VIOLENCE THROUGH SOCIAL MEDIA ? 31
WHO IS PROMOTING VIOLENCE THROUGH SOCIAL MEDIA ? 32
WHY DO THEY PROMOTING VIOLENCE THROUGH SOCIAL MEDIA ? 33
HOW THEY TRIGGER VIOLENCE? ASKING TO JOIN MOBS. 34
LINK TO SURVEY RESULTS https: //docs. google. com/forms/d/1 i 5 WUd 79 id. Wq. UB z. GBh. LG 5 aki. Wzs. TIbqvjw 6 Hutw. YAo. Ng/edit#respon ses 35
RESPONSIBILITY OF SOCIAL MEDIA CONTENTS (FACEBOOK) Develop mechanism to identify Fake accounts � Ill Content is mostly generated through FAKE Accounts � Real Users share them and act on those ill Content Update Community Policy geographically � Some areas are changing to community buy community (Nudity) Transparent Reporting Mechanism Update AI to intergrade languages and graphics Create neutral multistakeholder community to overlook localized content 36
CAN WE TRUST FACEBOOK It’s a company aimed profits They looking in to every community as target audience. With higher sentiments people more used to use Social Media It’s a benefits for them and they will entertain by it. 37
FACEBOOK HAS BEEN BLAMED Rohingya Crisis – Burma (Myanmar) Facebook has attempted to stem the flow of hate speech in the country by removing the page of prominent Buddhist nationalists. But the reach goes much further than firebrand activists, with the government itself using the platform as part of a major public relations drive aimed at winning public support and peddling anti-Rohingya rhetoric. 38
DUTERTE VS CRITICS –PHILIPPINES After developing a Facebook-savvy army of supporters – named the Duterte Die-Hard Supporters, or simply DDS – to spread his campaign pledges and fight dirty to get their man elected, Duterte then integrated some of those divisive figures in his administration. Once inside the Malacañang Palace, they were put to work taking down opponents, according to Rappler editor Maria Ressa. 39
DIGANA - KANDY RIOTS – SRI LANKA The response he received from Facebook – after six days – said the post did not violate their hate speech policy and remained on the site. 40
WHY FACEBOOK NOT TWITTER OR OTHER It is found that Facebook is the main contributor for ill Content. � Number of users � Number of FAKE Accounts � More youth in Facebook � Feature rich platform (wall, public share, groups, pages, transferring traffic, Viral networks…) � Carefree use is motivated in Facebook � Language usability high Twitter is also contributed � Less number of users � Microblog � Language usability less 41
LINKEDIN Even Linked. In has many features like facebook its audience are professional. Linkedin contribution for ill content is very less 42
CONCLUSIONS Many believe Social Media has a relation to trigger Social violence They use Fakenews, Hate Speech and Constructed Stories to promote violence through Social Media Individual, Political Movements, Private Organizations has contributing to Violence over Social Media attributes such as Easy networking , Free and low cost to promote, People believe social media over traditional media has contributed to promote violence over social media. 43
IS SOCIAL MEDIA ITSELF CREATE VIOLENCE? Social Media are full of user generated contents Most of the content which promoted Hate, Fake News, are generated by the users. Individuals , Political Groups, Private Organizations has contributed to ill Content. 44
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY, MASS SOCIETY THEORY VS ILL CONTENT As I said Sri Lankan communities are divided. Every community has glitch over others. It has been transferred generation to generations. If Some one found a ill content the memories comes in to play With the self-sentiment they tend to spread the ill content initially. The media full of ill content create mass-sentiment as a mass-media effect The organized groups, organizations drive people with sentiment to actions of their intend easily. 45
RESOURCES AND SOURCES https: //newsroom. fb. com/news/2019/03/ime-op-ed/ https: //newsroom. fb. com/news/2019/03/combatting-vaccine-misinformation/ https: //newsroom. fb. com/news/2019/02/addressing-challenges/ https: //s 3. amazonaws. com/academia. edu. documents/40797668/Social_Media_Unrest_1112_2. pdf? AWSAccess. Key. Id=AKIAIWOWYYGZ 2 Y 53 UL 3 A&Expires=1553788673&Signature=9 b. Lqm 7 fn 5 Cd. Xqg. S%2 F 0 K%2 FSi. Rgx 8 QA%3 D&response-contentdisposition=inline%3 B%20 filename%3 DSocial_Media_Unrest_11_12_2. pdf http: //fortune. com/2018/04/22/facebook-ignored-sri-lanka-hate-speech/ https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/2014_anti-Muslim_riots_in_Sri_Lanka https: //www. aljazeera. com/news/2018/03/sri-lanka-facebook-ban-quell-anti-muslim-violence 180314010521978. html https: //www. cpalanka. org/concerns-around-and-challenges-arising-from-facebookscommunications-policy-in-sri-lanka/ https: //in. reuters. com/article/sri-lanka-violence-facebook/sri-lankan-hardline-buddhists-sayfacebook-accounts-blocked-after-violence-id. INKBN 0 F 214 K 20140627 https: //www. colombotelegraph. com/index. php/media-blackout-on-aluthgama-situation-police-tocover-mosques-island-wide/ https: //www. trtworld. com/asia/sri-lanka-s-communal-violence-explained-15970 https: //www. todayonline. com/singapore/facebook-admits-serious-mistake-after-edwin-tongquestions-failure-remove-hate-post-sri 46
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