Social Cognitive and Constructivist Views of Learning Social

Social Cognitive and Constructivist Views of Learning

Social Processes in Learning • Peer influences • Parenting styles • Teacher support

Learning by Observing Others • • • Social learning theory Attention Retention Production Motivation and reinforcement – Vicarious reinforcement

Factors That Influence Observational Learning • • Developmental level of learner Status and prestige of the model Similarity of models Vicarious consequences Outcome expectations Value of the goal Self-efficacy

Observational Learning in Teaching • • • Directing attention Fine-tune already-learned behaviors Strengthening/weakening inhibitions Modeling Arousing emotions

Elements of Reciprocal Determinism Environment: resources consequences physical setting Personal Factors: beliefs, expectations’ attitudes Learning & Behavior: actions verbal statements choices

Constructivist Views of Learning • Emphasize the role of the learner • Psychological/individual constructivism • Vygotsky’s Social Constructivism • Constructionism

The Construction of Knowledge • • Three different views: External influences Internal influences Combination of external and internal

Is knowledge situated or general? • • Situated learning Community of practice Enculturation Transfer: general or specific?

Common Elements of Constructivist Perspectives • • Complex learning & authentic tasks Social negotiation Multiple representations of content Understanding knowledge construction process • Student ownership of learning

Inquiry Learning • • • Teacher presents a puzzling event Students formulate hypotheses Collect data Draw conclusions Reflect on original problem Reflect on the thinking process

Problem-Based Learning • Real problems that have meaning for students • Current events, social issues • Anchored instruction

Instructional Conversations • Promote learning • They involve dialogue • Provide opportunities for scaffolding

Cognitive Apprenticeships • • • Observe model Get coaching/tutoring Receive scaffolding Articulate knowledge Reflect on progress Explore new ways to apply