SOCIAL CHANGE TRADITIONAL MODERN AND POSTMODERN SOCIETIES Chapter

SOCIAL CHANGE: TRADITIONAL, MODERN, AND POSTMODERN SOCIETIES Chapter 24

Social Change—the transformation of culture and social institutions

WHAT IS SOCIAL CHANGE? 1. Social change happens all the time. 2. Sometimes intentional, but often unplanned 3. Controversial 4. Some change matters more than others

CULTURE AND CHANGE 1. New inventions and products 2. Discovery—people take note of existing elements off the world. 3. Diffusion—products, information, and people spread from one society to another

CONFLICT AND CHANGE Karl Marx—class conflict as the engine that drives societies from one historical era to another Race and gender also affected change

IDEAS AND CHANGE People with charisma can carry a message that leads to change (Martin Luther King Jr. ) Protestant Reformation People join together in social movements to produce change (1960 s)

Modernity—changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution

Modernization—the process of social change begun by industrialization

FOUR DIMENSIONS 1. The decline of small, traditional communities 2. The expansion of personal choice 3. Increasing social diversity 4. Orientation toward the future and a growing awareness of time.

FERDINAND TONNIES Gemeinschaft—people closely tied by kinship Tonnies believed modernization led to the weakening of Gemeinshaft and led to Geshellschaft, where people are “separate despite uniting factors. ”

THEORIES OF GLOBAL MODERNIZATION Modernization theory—a model of economic growth that explains global inequality and differences between nations Not every nation wants to adopt new technology

WALT ROSTOW Stages of Modernization 1. traditional stage 2. Take-off stage 3. Drive to technological maturity 4. High mass consumption

Global Stratification— patterns of social inequality in the world as a whole

ROLE OF RICH NATIONS 1. Controlling population 2. Increasing food production 3. Introducing industrial technology 4. Providing foreign aid

IMMANUEL WALLERSTEIN Dependency theory—a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones

Immanuel Wallerstein—capitalist world economy 1. Narrow, export-oriented economies 2. Lack of industrial capacity 3. High foreign debt

Colonialism—the process by which some nations enrich themselves through political and economic control of other nations

Neocolonialism—a new form of global power relationships that involves not direct political control but economic exploitation by multinational corporations

Does modernity equal persistent inequality?

What are the positive and negative consequences of globalization for citizens of developing countries?

POSITIVE Higher income New technology Medical

NEGATIVE Wealth not evenly spread Loss of indigenous culture Environmental racism

The richest 20% of humans earn 80% of the world’s income. People in the US who live below the government’s poverty line have a higher standard of living than the majority of the earth’s people.

The wealth of the world’s three richest individuals roughly equals the annual economic output of the world’s 48 poorest countries.

FIRST SECOND THIRD Terminology came after WWII First World—rich industrial countries Second World—less industrialized, socialist countries Third World—poorest countries

Problems with this model Use high income, middle income, low income instead

High income countries— first to be transformed by Industrial Revolution 15% of the world’s population More than half the world’s total income

Middle Income Countries— Industrialization limited to cities Half the population lives in rural areas Schooling, medical care, adequate housing are hard to come by.

Low income—agrarian societies with little industry. 25% of the people live in cities. Half the world’s population

Colonialism—the process by which some nations enrich themselves through political and economic control of other nations

Neocolonialism—a new form of global power relationships that involves not direct control but economic exploitation by multinational corporations.

WALLERSTEIN’S CAPITALIST WORLD ECONOMY Immanuel Wallerstein—World economy benefits the poor while helping the rich become richer. Core—high income countries Periphery—low income countries Semiperiphery—middle income countries