SMB ELECTRICAL CARS Ll Miralles 6122016 Ll Miralles

SMB ELECTRICAL CARS Ll. Miralles 6/12/2016 Ll. Miralles. SMB 1

OUTLINE • • • SMB INTRODUCTION MARKET ANALYSIS CONNECTORS AND REGULATIONS OWNERSHIP COST CERN CASE CONCLUSIONS 6/12/2016 Ll. Miralles. SMB 2

INTRODUCTION 6/12/2016 Ll. Miralles. SMB 3

INTRODUCTION • SMB PROS – Energy obtained from batteries, initial charge obtained from external power supply. Regenerative braking. – Considered zero emission at local level. Depending of the energy mix for recharging the overall emissions could be higher or lower than ICE emissions. – High efficiency 90% electrical motor vs 40% ICE engine. Simple powertrain architecture. – Smooth acceleration. Low noise. • CONS – Range of autonomy and costs. Both aspects due to batteries. – Dependence of charging infrastructure. – No relevant development on the batteries technology over the next years, so the progress on the range of the EV is expected to be rather small. 6/12/2016 Ll. Miralles. SMB 4

MARKET ANALYSIS 6/12/2016 Ll. Miralles. SMB 5

CONNECTORS AND REGULATIONS SMB • Household and industrial plugs are not considered safe enough for the permanent use with electric vehicles. The power requirements are very different, and only with dedicated electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) a basic communication between EV and mains is established, so that the EV is informed about the power capability (mode 3 charging) of the AC mains. • Domestic plugs, however are considered safe enough for emergency charging together with an in cable control box (ICCB). This is called mode 2 charging. 6/12/2016 Ll. Miralles. SMB 6

CONNECTORS AND REGULATIONS Cost between 400 and 1500 euros Cost of charging station (4) 8000 euros 6/12/2016 European standard Ll. Miralles. SMB Japanese standard 7

OWNERSHIP COST • • SMB Purchase cost highly dominated by government subsidies, dealer incentives and taxation. Low maintenance costs of the EV 160 euros/year wrt to ICE 250 euros/year. No database exists for batteries maintenance. Equal insurance costs. 400 euros/year. Equal tyre cost replacement. 400 euros/60000 Km. 15000 Km/year. Gas price 1. 3 euro/lt Electricity price 0. 09 euro/k. Wh 6/12/2016 Ll. Miralles. SMB 8

OWNERSHIP COST SMB Total cost of ownership ICE Vehicle Volkswagen e-up Renault Kangoo Nissan Leaf batt. rent Renault Zoe 550000 45000 Costs (€) 40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 0 6/12/2016 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 Distance (km) 120000 Ll. Miralles. SMB 140000 160000 180000 200000 9

OWNERSHIP COST SMB Costs per distance of the vehicles ICE Volkswagen e-Up Renault Kangoo Nissan Leaf batt. rental Renault Zoe 1. 40 1. 20 Costs (€/km) 1. 00 0. 80 0. 60 0. 40 0. 20 0. 00 0 6/12/2016 50000 100000 Distance (km) 150000 Ll. Miralles. SMB 200000 250000 10

CERN CASE • • SMB 1180 vehicles, about 150 LS 1 Category A: 24%, Category B: 70%, Category C: 1%, Category D: 5% 1500 3000 4500 6000 7500 9000 Vehicles by fuel consumption (lt) 2013 6/12/2016 Ll. Miralles. SMB 11

CERN CASE SMB Total cost of ownership ICE Vehicle Volkswagen e-up Renault Kangoo Nissan Leaf batt. rent Renault Zoe 550000 45000 90% Costs (€) 40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 0 6/12/2016 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 Distance (km) 120000 Ll. Miralles. SMB 140000 160000 180000 200000 12

CONCLUSIONS • • SMB Electrical vehicles can be an economical beneficial solution due to low maintenance and exploitation costs. High mileage. The cost of ownership is dominated by the initial cost. The CERN case does not match with the EV optimal scenario. Low mileage. The charging posts is a non negligible cost and risk (technology and standards). 6/12/2016 Ll. Miralles. SMB 13

EU Ref. 6/12/2016 Ll. Miralles. SMB 14