Smart Truck Systems A Look at Tractor Trailer

Smart. Truck Systems A Look at Tractor Trailer Fuel Efficiency Good Jobs Green Jobs Conference Washington DC 2/10/2013

Smart. Truck Introduction • Smart. Truck engineering and design was born in the aerospace, motorsports and automotive industries: – Boeing and NASA Technology – – – Aerion Super Sonic Business Jet Boeing MD 80 Winglet for aging aircraft Racing and Motorsports • Daytona Prototype development • Indy Car • NASCAR – – – Ballistics Ford Hybrid Concept Car Bright Automotive Plug-In Hybrid Van • Smart. Truck’s mission: transfer technology and design techniques from the aerospace industry to the trucking industry to produce groundbreaking, rugged performance equipment for tractors and trailers

Smart. Truck Introduction • Smart. Truck’s focus is on advanced aerodynamics

Fuel Performance Perspective Type of Vehicle FE Rating Loaded Weight Vehicle Efficiency (miles/gallon) (lbs) (ton-miles/gallon) Class 8 Long Haul Truck 6. 5 70, 000 228 Large SUV 12 7, 300 44 Compact Gas Hybrid 50 3, 500 88 ? ? 130 3, 500 228 119 e 3, 300 196

A Quick Look Back • 1977 Trans Am compared to now – HP, MPG 1977: Smokey and The Bandit

The Car: 1977 to 2014 1977 Pontiac Trans Am 2014 Chevrolet Camaro • 1978 CAFE std: 18. 0 mpg • 2014 CAFE std: 31. 3 mpg • Vehicle Specs: – V 8 6. 6 L engine: 200 hp – ~14 mpg – (74% improvement over 1978) • Vehicle Specs/Options: – Camaro 1 LS • V 6 3. 6 L engine: 323 hp • 22 mpg (combined) – Camaro 1 SS • V 8 6. 2 L engine: 426 hp • 19 mpg – Camaro ZL 1 (shown in photo) • V 8 6. 2 L Supercharged engine: 580 hp • 14 mpg

The Tractor Trailer: 1977 to 2014 1977 Tractor Trailer Fleet 2014 Tractor Trailer Fleet • 4. 6 mpg (Argonne National Labs) • Tractor: • 6. 5 mpg (41% improvement over 1977) • Tractor: – No aerodynamic fairings – Exterior air cleaner and exhaust stacks – Square nose • Trailer: – 48’ Trailer limit – Aggressive aerodynamic improvements • Trailer: – 53’ Trailer limit

Moving Forward Where is energy lost with tractor trailers? Engine Losses Interstate: 58 – 59% Aerodynamic Losses Interstate: 15 -22% Inertia/Braking Interstate: 0 -2% Rolling Resistance Interstate: 13 -16% Drivetrain Auxiliary Loads Interstate: 2 -4% Interstate: 1 -4%

Opportunities for Fuel Savings % Fuel Efficiency Improvements Data from multiple sources: NESCCAF, ICCT, Calstart, Navistar

Future Performance Targets • DOE Super. Truck Program: ~10 mpg – 50% improved Tractor Trailer efficiency (compared to 2009 MY) • 30/50% improvement achieved through vehicle technologies • 20/50% improvement achieved through engine technologies • Attain 50% engine brake thermal efficiency and demonstrate path to 55% • EPA/NHTSA FE/GHG Standards: – Phase I (MY 2014 – 2018): ~8 mpg • ~20% improvement by 2018 (compared to 2010) • Only address tractor and engine system (no trailers) • Also looks at vehicle efficiency: ton-miles/gal or g CO 2/ton-mile – Phase II (TBD): may include trailers

Aerodynamics • Due to the amount of highway miles driven, the tractor trailer would benefit more than any other vehicle on the road from advanced aerodynamic improvements. Type of Vehicle Potential Class 8 Truck Highway Fuel Efficiency at 65 mph Cd MPG Drag Coefficient (Cd) Average Annual Highway Miles Class 8 Long Haul Tractor Trailer . 58 -. 62 100, 000 . 60 7. 0 Large SUV . 4 -. 5 6, 750 . 45 8. 4 Aerodynamically Advanced Car . 25 6, 750 . 25 11. 0 • If the tractor trailer had the aerodynamic performance of a well designed car it could achieve 11 mpg on the highway.

Aerodynamics Where is the Drag on Tractor Trailers?

Trailer Aerodynamic Strategies: Retrofit Side skirts Nose Fairings Boat tails Under Trailer Systems

Tractor Trailer Concepts

Long Haul Impacts per Trip Good Jobs Green Jobs 2, 795 miles (95% long haul) Diesel Fuel Consumed Today @ 6. 5 mpg @ 11 mpg Difference Diesel Fuel Consumed (gal) 430 gal 254 gal 176 gal CO 2 Emissions (lbs) 9, 546 lbs 5, 640 lbs 3, 906 lbs Fuel Spend @ ($4/gal) $1, 720 $1, 016 $704

Factors to Consider • Testing and validating fuel performance • Ensuring individual system improvements work with other system improvements • ROI vs. Cap. X • Trailer to tractor ratio: national average is 2. 75 • Driver training and capability – Drivers impacts can be 30% • Vehicle size and longer combination vehicles

Thank You Smart. Truck Systems www. smarttrucksystems. com Mitchell Greenberg mgreenberg@smarttrucksystems. com Good Jobs Green Jobs Conference Washington DC 2/10/2013